Indole-derived compound production

ABSTRACT

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of a transgenic organism, an artificial DNA construct, and methods for producing a transgenic organism for indigo, indirubin, and other indole-derived compound production. Another aspect of the present disclosure is the provision of a transgenic organism wherein the indole-derived compound imparts color to the transgenic organism or to a portion of the transgenic organism.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/021,512 filed 7 Jul. 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

MATERIAL INCORPORATED-BY-REFERENCE

The Sequence Listing, which is a part of the present disclosure, includes a computer readable form comprising nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences of the present invention. The subject matter of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure generally relates to a transgenic organism producing an indole-derived compound. Aspects of the present disclosure provide transgenic organisms, artificial DNA constructs, and methods for producing transgenic organisms for indigo, indirubin, and other indole-derived compound production.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Indigo is a chemical compound that can be used as a blue dye in the food and textile industry, for example, as a blue dye for jeans. Natural indigo was originally obtained from various unrelated plants, most notably Indigofera tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria, and Polygonum tinctorium, which were the principal sources of the blue dye since ancient times (perhaps as early as 2000 B.C.) until chemical methods were developed in the 19th century to make indigo.

Synthetic indigo has largely replaced natural indigo in the dye and pigment industry. Microorganisms having enzymes capable of producing indigo (from indole) have been reported.

The role of indole in tryptophan biosynthesis in plants is conventionally understood. In plants, indole is a transient intermediate of tryptophan biosynthesis where it is produced by the alpha subunit of a bifunctional tryptophan synthase enzyme (TSA) by cleaving indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Indole is subsequently channeled to the active site of the tryptophan synthase beta subunit (TSB), where it is condensed with the amino acid serine to produce tryptophan and water. TSA-like genes associated with tryptophan biosynthesis have been reported in various plant species including maize, Arabidopsis, and Isatis tinctoria (also known as woad).

Indigo can be made from indole. Conversion of indole to indigo requires a hydroxylation of indole at position 3 that gives rise to indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole), which spontaneously dimerizes in the presence of oxygen to form indigo. To date, neither a plant gene nor a plant enzyme that can convert indole to indoxyl has been identified.

In indigo-producing plants, indoxyl molecules can be prevented from spontaneously dimerizing into indigo by immediately converting indoxyl into indoxyl glycosides, such as indican (in the case of Indigofera tinctoria) and isatin B (in the case of Isatis tinctoria). To extract indigo (e.g., by vat fermentation), indoxyl glycosides can be hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidases (either from microorganisms or the plant) to release indoxyl, which then spontaneously forms indigo under aerobic conditions. Glucosyltransferases that convert indoxyl to indican have been purified and characterized in Polygonum tinctorium and Baphicacanthus cusia, while a beta-glucosidase gene that converts indican into indoxyl can be cloned from Polygonum tinctorium (Minami et al. 1999).

Different types of non-plant enzymes (e.g., from microorganisms or human liver) have been found to catalyze the oxidation of indole to indoxyl. But none have ever been identified in plants prior to the following disclosure. In microorganisms, these enzymes mainly oxidize other substrates, with indole being a fortuitous substrate. Such is the case for naphthalene (Ensley et al. 1983), toluene (Stephens et al. 1989) and tetralin (Moreno-Ruiz et al. 2003) dioxygenases, as well as for styrene (O'Connor et al. 1997), xylene (Mermod et al. 1986), and flavin-containing (Choi et al. 2003) monooxygenases, among other bacterial indole oxidases. In humans, certain P450 enzymes in the liver can oxidize indole (Gillam et al. 1999) besides other substrates, as a first step in detoxification of xenobiotics. Another human enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, can also oxidize indole to form indigo, but only in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Kuo & Mauk 2012), similar to the reaction catalyzed by chloroperoxidases in Streptomyces lividans that converts indole to indoxyl (Burd et al. 2001). Various enzymes have also been modified by mutation to enable indole oxidation into indigo and other related pigments, examples of which include toluene-4-monooxygenase (McClay et al. 2005), flavin-containing monooxygenase (Meyer et al. 2002), and at least two bacterial P450s (Li et al. 2000; Manna & Mazumdar 2010).

Indirubin (an anticancer compound useful for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia) can be produced by the dimerization of 3-hydroxyindole and isatin, an oxidation product of 3-hydroxyindole. No plant genes for producing free indole or indole hydroxylation have been identified.

Formation of indigo from indoxyl, either during vat fermentation of indigo-producing plants (Maugard et al. 2001) or during catalysis by microbial (Hart et al. 1992) and human enzymes (Gillam et al. 2000), can be often accompanied by formation of the red pigment indirubin. This pigment is an isomer of indigo, and formed by the coupling of indoxyl and isatin, a double oxidation product of indole. Indirubin is considered an impurity in indigo dye preparations, but is also the active constituent of an herbal remedy for leukemia containing Isatis tinctoria (Hoessel et al. 1999).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of a transgenic organism engineered to accumulate an indole-derived compound. In some embodiments, the organism can be transformed with an artificial DNA construct including, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription: (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence; wherein the organism produces increased levels of indole-derived compounds, or precursors thereof, compared to an organism without the artificial DNA construct.

In some embodiments, the artificial DNA construct further includes a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity; (d) SEQ ID NO: 56 (AtR2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR2 activity or P450 reductase activity; and (e) SEQ ID NO: 62 (AtR1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR1 activity or P450 reductase activity.

Another aspect provides a method of producing a transgenic organism including: transforming an organism with an artificial DNA construct, the artificial construct includes, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription, (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence; wherein the organism produces increased levels of indole-derived compounds, or precursors thereof, compared to an organism without the artificial DNA construct.

In some embodiments, the artificial DNA construct further includes a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; and (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity.

In some embodiments, the method further includes the growth medium including amino levulinic acid (ALA).

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes a bacteria or plant.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes E. coli or Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae); Indigofera suffruticosa (Fabaceae); Indigofera micheliana; Indigofera arrecta; Inidgofera coerulea; Baptisia leucantha (Fabaceae); Isatis tinctoria (Brassicacea); Polygonum tinctorium (Polygonaceae) aka Persicaria tinctoria; Calanthe discolor (Orchidaceae); Strobilanthes cusia (Acanthaceae) aka Baphicacanthus cusia; Justicia spicegera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia mohintli; Justicia colorifera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia tinctoria; Couroupita guaianensis (Lecythidaceae); Wrightia tinctoria (Apocyanceae); Marsdenia tinctoria (Apocynaceae); Lonchocarpus cyanescence (Fabaceae) syn Philenoptera cyanescens; Isatis indigotica (Brassicaceae); Isatis candoleana; Isatis buschiana; Isatis tinctoria subsp. Corymbosa; Koaophyllon tinctorium (Compositae, Eupatorieae) syn Eupatorium indigofera; Cybistax antisyphilitica (Bignoniacea) aka Yangua tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria; Arabidopsis thaliana; Indigofera tinctoria; Polygonum tinctorium; Baphicacanthus cusia; rose; onion; carnation; or cotton.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes an artificial DNA construct further including beta-glucosidase or P450 reductase.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes a transgenic organism, or a portion thereof, which includes a colored phenotype.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes colored phenotype which includes a visible color selected from the group consisting of magenta, violet, blue, pink, green, yellow, red, yellow, orange, or purple.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes an accumulation of an indole derived compound which can impart a visible color to the transgenic organism or a portion of the transgenic organism.

In some embodiments, the transgenic organism or method includes an accumulation of an indole derived compound which can impart a magenta, violet, blue, pink, green, yellow, red, yellow, orange, or purple color to the transgenic organism or a portion of the transgenic organism.

Another aspect provides a method for increasing indole-derived compound production in an organism that includes P450 reductase including: isolating the RNA from an indigo producing plant; obtaining the sequences of the genes by RNA sequencing and assembly; identifying P450 genes based on comparison to sequences similar to known P450 genes; cloning the coding regions of P450 genes into an expression vector; transforming the vector containing the P450 gene and the P450 reductase into the organism; and inducing the expression of the P450 gene and P450 reductase.

Another aspect provides an artificial DNA construct includes: (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence.

In some embodiments, the artificial DNA construct further includes a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity; (d) SEQ ID NO: 56 (AtR2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR2 activity or P450 reductase activity; and (e) SEQ ID NO: 62 (AtR1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR1 activity or P450 reductase activity.

In some embodiments, the artificial DNA construct further includes beta-glucosidase or P450 reductase.

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Those of skill in the art will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

FIG. 1A-B are a series of chemical structures depicting products of the oxidation of indole and subsequent dimerization of hydroxylated intermediates.

FIG. 1A shows the chemical structure of indirubin.

FIG. 1B shows the chemical structure of indigo.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of the proposed pathway of the biosynthesis of indirubin and indigo. Formation is 2-hydroxyindole from indole can be catalyzed by ItB4. Formation is 3-hydroxyindole from indole can be catalyzed by ItB24.

FIG. 3 is an image of chloroform extractions of E. coli cultures expressing Isatis tinctoria P450 proteins ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4).

FIG. 4 is an image of a TLC separation of chemical products of Isatis tinctoria P450 (ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3), ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4)) expression in E. coli.

FIG. 5 is an image of TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) genes which complimented tryptophan biosynthesis and enabled growth of TSA mutant E. coli on minimal media.

FIG. 6A is an image of the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria), a biennial herb of the family Brassicaceae found in Europe, North America and Asia. Woad can be found in traditional Chinese herbal remedies and can be a source of natural indigo dye.

FIG. 6B is an image of the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria) flower (yellow flower).

FIG. 7 is a scheme showing indigo precursors in woad.

FIG. 8A is a chemical structure of indirubin, an isomer of indigo.

FIG. 8B is a graph showing potent inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases.

FIG. 9 is a scheme showing the formation of indigo and indirubin.

FIG. 10 is a scheme showing the identification of indole hydroxylase. The mRNA was extracted from woad leaves. The cDNA was constructed. P450 genes were cloned into a pCW plasmid.

FIG. 11 is a series of images showing heterologous expression of ItB24 in different media (blue, yellow, yellow).

FIG. 12 is a series of images showing the effect of amino levulinic acid (ALA) supplementation and a chemical structure of ALA (blue and green).

FIG. 13 is a series of images showing the purification of pigments (blue, yellow, pink).

FIG. 14A is a series of graphs showing the absorbance of the collected blue fraction and the indigo standard sample.

FIG. 14B is an image of the collected blue fraction.

FIG. 15A is a series of graphs showing the absorbance of the collected pink fraction and the indirubin standard sample.

FIG. 15B is an image of the collected pink fraction.

FIG. 16 is a scheme showing how isatin hydroxylase decreases the formation of indirubin.

FIG. 17 is a series of images showing the effect of isatin hydroxylase (IsH) on indigo and indirubin concentration (blue, blue).

FIG. 18 is a series of images showing the effect of isatin hydroxylase (IsH) on indigo and indirubin concentration (green, yellow).

FIG. 19 is a scheme showing the pathway that is presently thought to be catalyzed by ItB24.

FIG. 20 is a bar graph showing the role of oxindole in indigo and indirubin production.

FIG. 21 is a series of HPLC chromatograms. Indigo-Rt-34.51 min. Indirubin-Rt-38.14 min. C18 column, 5 μm, 4.6 mm×250 mm. Solvent A—water.

Solvent B— Methanol. Mtd-50% for 10 min. 50-100% for 30 min. Flow rate-0.5 mL/min. Injection volume-5 μL. Detector—540 nm for indirubin. 615 nm for indigo.

FIG. 22 is a scheme showing the experimental method for bacteria culture.

FIG. 23 is a scheme showing the indigo precursors: Isatan B (indoxyl-β-ketogluconate), indoxyl, and Indican (indoxyl-β-D-glucoside).

FIG. 24 is a scheme showing the construction of plasmids (i) ItB24_AtR2 and (ii) ItB24_IsH_AtR2.

FIG. 25A-FIG. 25B shows Agarose gel electrophoresis. FIG. 25A shows ItB24 amplification from pCWb_ItB24_AtR2 plasmid showing 1.5 kb band. FIG. 25B shows IsH amplification from pCWb_ItB24_IsH_AtR2 plasmid showing 800 bp band.

FIG. 26A shows protein expression by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis of bacterial cell lysates expressing ItB24_AtR2 at different time points.

FIG. 26B shows protein expression by Western blot analysis of bacterial cell lysates expressing His-tagged ItB24_AtR2.

FIG. 27A is an image of column chromatography showing of indigo and indirubin fractions.

FIG. 27B shows a UV scan of indigo and indirubin fractions from column chromatography.

FIG. 28A-FIG. 28E is a series of images of heterologous expression in E. coli. FIG. 28A shows expression of ItB24_AtR2 in mod.TB. FIG. 28B shows expression of ItB24_AtR2 with no ALA in mod. TB. FIG. 28C shows expression of ItB24_AtR2 in regular TB. FIG. 28D shows expression of ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in mod. TB. FIG. 28E shows expression of ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in regular TB.

FIG. 29A-FIG. 29D is a series of images showing pigment formation in DMF extracts. FIG. 29A is an image showing pigment formation in DMF extract from ItB24_AtR2 in mod. TB (blue). FIG. 29B is an image showing pigment formation in DMF extract from ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in mod. TB (blue). FIG. 29C is an image showing pigment formation in DMF extract from ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in reg TB (green). FIG. 29D is an image showing pigment formation in DMF extract from ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in reg TB (yellow).

FIG. 30A is a comparison of Indigo in-1-ItB24_AtR2 in modified TB medium, 2-ItB24AtR2 in modified TB medium lacking 5-ALA, 3-ItB24_AtR2 in regular TB, 4-ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in modified TB medium, and 5-ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in regular TB medium.

FIG. 30B is a comparison of indirubin in-1-ItB24_AtR2 in modified TB medium, 2-ItB24_AtR2 in modified TB medium lacking 5-ALA, 3-ItB24_AtR2 in regular TB, 4-ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in modified TB medium, and 5-ItB24_IsH_AtR2 in regular TB medium.

FIG. 31A shows the heterologous expression of ItB24_AtR2 in 100 mg/L isatin concentration.

FIG. 31B shows the heterologous expression of ItB24_AtR2 in 500 mg/L 2-oxindole concentration.

FIG. 32 is an image of vials showing pigment formation in different concentration of isatin (blue, blue, unkn, pink, pink, pink/orange).

FIG. 33A is a bar graph showing the effect of different concentrations of isatin (mg/L) on indigo production (μg/ml).

FIG. 33B is a bar graph showing the effect of different concentrations of isatin (mg/L) on indirubin production (μg/ml).

FIG. 34 is an image showing pigment formation in different concentrations of 2-oxindole (green, pink/magenta/orange).

FIG. 35A is a bar graph showing the effect of different concentration of 2-oxindole (mg/L) on indigo production (μg/ml).

FIG. 35B is a bar graph showing the effect of different concentration of 2-oxindole (mg/L) on indirubin production (μg/ml).

FIG. 36 is a scheme showing the proposed pathway of ItB24 in E. coli.

FIG. 37A-FIG. 37D is a series of images showing successful expression of GFP in onion. Blue was observed in between cells in the cell wall. FIG. 37A is a fluoroscopy image of GFP expression in onion. FIG. 37B is a corresponding bright field image to FIG. 37A. FIG. 37C is a higher magnification fluoroscopy image of GFP expression in onion. FIG. 37D is a corresponding bright field image to FIG. 37C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery that a gene isolated from woad (Isatis tinctoria) (e.g., TSA2) produces the precursor indole for indigo and indirubin production. Further, the present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery that further genes (e.g., ItB4, ItB24) isolated from woad can synthesize intermediate precursors for indigo and indirubin production.

To date, despite the wide variety of genes that can produce indigo (and indirubin) from indole, none so far have been successfully used to enhance the production of indigo (or indirubin) in plants.

Described herein are genes (e.g., TSA1, TSA2) isolated from the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria L.), which can provide the precursor, indole, and convert indole into indoxyl (a precursor of indigo and indirubin) and a method to enhance production of indigo, indirubin, and other indole-derived compounds in plants by overexpression of the gene. The present disclosure further describes plant nucleotide sequences and their encoding proteins (e.g., cytochrome P450 genes from Isatis tinctoria) that enable an organism to produce blue and red pigments. Cytochrome P450 genes (e.g., ItB4, ItB24) in woad encode cytochrome P450 enzymes that oxidize indole to yield indigo and indirubin.

It can be advantageous to increase levels of indigo precursors in plants for markets such as the dye industry. It can be advantageous to increase levels of indirubin for markets such as the medical therapeutics industry. In some embodiments, indirubin production can be reduced (e.g., by genetic modification) to improve quality or quantity of extractable indigo.

Thus is provided compositions and methods for producing exogenous, or increasing production of endogenous, indigo or related compounds in plants. Indigo or related compounds derived from a plant (i.e., a natural indigo) can provide a more environment-friendly (e.g., less polluting) or non-petroleum based (e.g., more sustainable in the long-term) alternative over synthetic compounds.

Combining an endogenous ability of plants to make indigo with the biotechnological enhancement provided by indigo-producing genes can lead to large-scale production of “biotech plant indigo” by transgenic plants. Such enzymes can be transferred to plants to produce increased levels of indigo precursors in transgenic plants, or produce genetically modified plants or plant parts having a colored phenotype (e.g., blue cotton fibers and blue flowers).

Compositions and methods of the present disclosure can provide advantages over bacterial production of indole or related compounds. Bacteria can require input of carbon and other nutrients for growth, which can add to the cost of production. Because plants use sunlight as a carbon source and can be grown as a crop, the use of plants can be more economical than using bacteria. Further, expression of bacterial genes in plants can be lethal because the bacterial enzyme can act on other metabolites besides indole.

Indigo-producing genes from bacteria or humans transferred into plants have been reported, but results showed that plants were stunted and sickly. Such problems with bacterial or human enzymes may be associated with non-specific activity, such as oxidation of other substrates besides indole. It is presently thought that these undesirable results can be likely due to the fact that indole-oxidizing enzymes from bacteria and humans are mainly used in xenobiotic metabolism, which generally requires broad substrate specificities to detoxify a wide range of compounds.

Prior to the present disclosure, transgenic plants with enhanced levels of indigo or its precursors have not been reported, at least partly because genes for producing indigo in plants were not known.

Thus, as disclosed herein, an indole-oxidizing enzyme with narrower specificity or naturally-occurring in plants can be used.

Indole-Derived Compound

A host organism can be transformed so as to produce an indole-derived compound. As described herein, constructs that modulate production of indole or indole derived compounds in plants have been identified. For example, an enzyme that converts indole to indoxyl in plants has been identified.

An indole or indole-derived compound can be any compound that can be synthesized from indole. For example, an indole derived compound can be indole, indoxyl, indigo, indirubin, isatin, hydroxyindole (e.g., 2-hydroxyindole and 3-hydroxyindole), isatan B, indican, 2-oxindole, 3-oxindole, or isatic acid.

As another example, an indole or indole-derived compound can be one or more of the following:

indole;

indoxyl;

indigo;

indirubin;

isatin;

2-hydroxyindole;

3-hydroxyindole;

isatan B;

indican;

2-oxindole;

3-oxindole; or

isatic acid.

An indole-derived compound can exhibit a visible color. For example, modulation of an indole-derived compound can produce a compound having a visible color. As another example, an indole derived compound color can have any color in the visible spectrum (e.g., between about 390-700 nm). As another example, an indole derived compound color can have one of the following colors: violet (e.g., about 380-450 nm), blue (e.g., about 450-495 nm), green (e.g., about 495-570 nm), yellow (e.g., about 570-590 nm), orange (e.g., about 590-620 nm), or red (e.g., about 620-750 nm).

An indole-derived compound can be endogenous or exogenous to the host organism. Where an indole-derived compound is endogenous, the host organism can be engineered to produce increased levels of such indole-derived compound. Where an indole-derived compound is exogenous, the host organism can be engineered to produce such indole-derived compound.

The host organism can be engineered to synthesize an indole-derived compound, after some developmental state, or upon being induced to do so. Induction of an indole-derived compound synthesis can be according to the actions of an inducible promoter associated with the transcribable polynucleic acid sequence, as discussed in further detail herein.

A transformed host organism or a host cell can be analyzed for the presence of an indole-derived compound conferred by the expression system of the present disclosure. Those of skill in the art are aware of the numerous methods available for the analysis of such compounds. For example, methods for analysis include, but are not limited to TLC, HPLC, NMR, or GC-MS.

Transcribable Nucleic Acid Sequences

Provided herein are transcribable nucleic acid sequences that can be expressed or overexpressed in a host organism so as to produce or increase production of an indole-derived compound.

Various transcribable nucleic acid sequences described herein encode polypeptides that can convert (i) indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole or (ii) indole to indoxyl. Such acid sequences can ultimately facilitate production of indigo or indirubin.

Formation of indole requires cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

Conversion of indole to indigo can require hydroxylation of indole at position 3 that gives rise to indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole), which can spontaneously dimerize with another 3-hydroxyindole in the presence of oxygen to form indigo.

Conversion of indoxyl to indirubin can require hydroxylation of indole at position 2 that gives rise to isatin, which can spontaneously couples with indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole) in the presence of oxygen to form indirubin. Indirubin can conceivably be formed by coupling indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole) and 2-hydroxyindole.

Exemplary transcribable nucleic acid sequences that can be expressed or overexpressed in a host organism so as to produce or increase production of an indole-derived compound include, but are not limited to, TSA (e.g., TSA1, TSA2), P450 (e.g., ItB4, ItB24), indole hydroxylase, isatin hydrolase, and PtBG. Such transcribable nucleic acid sequences can be used alone or in various combinations to transform a plant.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence (or multiple transcribable nucleic acid sequence) can be inserted into a cloning vector.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence (or multiple transcribable nucleic acid sequences) can form indole when expressed in E. coli.

TSA.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) activity can be expressed or overexpressed in a host organism.

As described herein, TSA has been identified in plants and shown to form indole by cleaving indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (e.g., TSA activity as used herein). A gene isolated from a plant, such as woad (Isatis tinctoria), can be advantageous over a bacteria gene because (i) the gene is specific for indole or (ii) the gene is a plant gene for indigo production.

A host organism can be transformed so as to have TSA activity. A plant-derived TSA gene (e.g., isolated from the woad plant) can provide for the precursor, indole, and convert indole into indoxyl (a precursor of indigo and indirubin). As disclosed herein, overexpression of a transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having TSA activity can provide a method to enhance production of indigo, indirubin, or other indole-derived compounds. The alpha subunit (TSA) of a bifunctional tryptophan synthase enzyme can produce indole by cleaving indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). TSA-like genes can be found in various plant species including maize, Arabidopsis, and Isatis tinctoria (also known as woad).

TSA1.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be TSA1. A TSA1 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 1. A TSA1 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and encoding a polypeptide having TSA activity. For example, a TSA1 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and encoding a polypeptide having a TSA or TSA1 activity.

TSA2.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be TSA2. A TSA2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 2. A TSA2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and encoding a polypeptide having TSA activity. For example, A TSA2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and encoding a polypeptide having a TSA or TSA2 activity.

TSA2 can be inserted into a cloning vector. For example, TSA2 can be inserted into pUC18 with ampicillin resistance marker.

As described herein, this plasmid can be used to complement a trpA-mutant known as JW1252-1. Thus TSA2 can also make indole when expressed in E. coli.

P450.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having a P450 activity (i.e., P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence) can be expressed or overexpressed in a host organism. A P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can encode a cytochrome P450 enzyme that can oxidize indole to yield indigo or indirubin.

Conversion of indole to indirubin can require hydroxylation of indole at position 2 that gives rise to 2-hydroxyindole, which can spontaneously dimerize with indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole) in the presence of oxygen to form indigo. Indirubin can be formed by coupling indoxyl (i.e., 3-hydroxyindole) and isatin.

As described herein, plant P450 genes were identified that encode proteins that oxidize indole to indoxyl or isatin (e.g., P450 activity as used herein), which spontaneously lead to the formation of indigo or indirubin. These nucleotide sequences can be used to modify or increase indigo or indirubin production in plants and microorganisms. A gene isolated from a plant, such as woad (Isatis tinctoria), can be advantageous over a bacteria gene because (i) the gene is specific for indole or (ii) the gene is a plant gene for indigo production. Because the disclosed P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequences are from plants, expression of such sequences in plants are shown to have no or substantially no detrimental effects, contrary to what was observed in the expression of bacterial and human P450s in plants.

A P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be used to enhance production of indigo, indirubin, or other indigoids in a host organism, such as a woad plant. A P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can provide for production of pigments (e.g., blue or red) in a host organism. For example, a P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be used to make colored cotton (e.g., blue cotton) by expressing the P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence in a cotton plants. Such methods or compositions can provide a textile (e.g., jeans) that does not have to be dyed (e.g., blue). As another example, a P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can also be expressed in a flower petal (e.g., roses) to make them colored (e.g., blue). Such a colored rose can have a worldwide market. Production of a plant or plant part having a colored phenotype is further described herein.

One aspect of the present disclosure provides for isolated P450 nucleic acid or amino acid sequences associated with the biosynthesis of indigo precursors or indirubin in plants. Using indole as substrate, one P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence (e.g., ItB24) can make more indigo than indirubin, while the other (e.g., ItB4) can make more indirubin than indigo (sequences further discussed below). A ratio of indigo to indirubin can affect the resulting color of the enzyme-catalyzed indole oxidation, ranging from dark blue to different shades of purple to light red. Thus, the ratio of expressed P450 sequences (e.g., ItB24 and ItB4), can provide different colors for plants and plant parts (e.g., flowers or fibers, such as cotton fibers).

A plant P450 gene can fuse to a P450 reductase, so that the P450 gene may no longer require the endogenous P450 reductase of a host organism. A P450 reductase of a plant can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum, where plant P450 enzymes are also targeted. P450/P450 reductase fusion proteins may be targeted to another compartment, such as the chloroplast, where there are no glycosyltransferases that can convert indoxyl to indican. Such an approach can allow indoxyl to spontaneously form indigo. To verify that the chloroplast has indole precursors that the fusion protein can use to make indoxyl, a chloroplast can also be co-transformed with indole synthase gene from maize (Melanson et al. 1997; Frey et al. 1997), Arabidopsis (Zhang et al. 2008), or Isatis tinctoria, the sequence of which is also provided herein (TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2)).

Nucleotide sequences can also be used to design DNA probes and oligonucleotide primers to isolate other P450 genes that encode proteins having indole oxidation capability for the production of indigo and indirubin.

Also provided is a method to isolate other P450s from other plants having indole oxidation activity that can lead to indigo and indirubin formation. The method can include (1) isolating RNA from indigo-producing plants, (2) obtaining the sequences of the genes by RNA sequencing and assembly, (3) looking for P450 genes based on sequence similar to known P450 genes using nucleotide comparison algorithms such as BLAST and ClustalW, (4) PCR cloning the coding regions of P450 genes into a bacterial expression plasmid that already has a plant P450 reductase, (5) transforming the plasmid containing the P450 gene and the P450 reductase into bacteria, (6) inducing the expression of the P450 gene and P450 reductase, and (7) monitoring for the formation of blue and/or red pigments by TLC, HPLC or GC-MS.

Exemplary P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequences include ItB4 or ItB24.

ItB4.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be ItB4. An ItB4 polypeptide can catalyze formation of 2-hydroxyindole along with indoxyl from indole (e.g., ItB4 activity as used herein). Expression of an ItB4 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can result in increased production of indirubin compared to indigo given increased production of 2-hydroxyindole.

An ItB4 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 3. An ItB4 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 activity or ItB4 activity. For example, A, ItB4 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 activity or ItB4 activity.

ItB24.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be ItB24. An ItB24 polypeptide can catalyze formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole (e.g., ItB24 activity as used herein). Expression of an ItB24 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can result in increased production of indigo compared to indirubin given increased production of 3-hydroxyindole.

An ItB24 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 4. An ItB24 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 activity or ItB24 activity. For example, an ItB24 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 activity or ItB24 activity.

P450 Reductase.

Because wild type E. coli does not have a P450 reductase, P450 reductase (e.g., AtR1, AtR2) can be coexpressed with one or more genes (e.g., ItB24).

As shown herein, AtR2 (SEQ ID NO: 56) is a P450 reductase from Arabidopsis. For example, an AtR2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 56. An AtR2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 or AtR2 activity. For example, an AtR2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 reductase or AtR2 activity.

As another example, an AtR1 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 62. An AtR1 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 62 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 or AtR1 activity. For example, an AtR2 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 62 and encoding a polypeptide having a P450 reductase or AtR1 activity.

Two genes (e.g., ItB24 and AtR2, or variants thereof) can be inserted into a cloning vector. For example, ItB24 and AtR2 can be inserted in a pCWb cloning vector (e.g., pCWb_ItB24_AtR2). As another example, pCWb can be derived from the pCWori+ vector.

Coexpression of two genes (e.g., ItB24 and AtR2) can be achieved using a Tac promoter. The Tac promoter can direct the production of a bicistronic transcript, where each gene can have its own ribosome binding site.

As shown herein, transformation of this plasmid into DH5alpha can enable the E. coli to produce indigo.

Indole Hydroxylase.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be indole hydroxylase. Indole hydroxylase can produce indigo and indirubin when expressed in bacteria (Kim et al. 2005, Kim et al. 2003; Ensley et al. 1983). Expression of indole hydroxylase can oxidize indole to increase production indigo and indirubin (see e.g., FIG. 9, FIG. 10, Example 15).

As described herein, indole hydroxylase has been identified in plants (e.g., woad) and shown to form hydroxyindole by hydroxylation of indole (e.g., indole hydroxylase activity as used herein).

An indole hydroxylase transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 61. An indole hydroxylase transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 61 and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity. For example, an indole hydroxylase transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 61 and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity.

Isatin Hydrolase (IsH).

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be isatin hydrolase (IsH). An IsH polypeptide can inhibit formation of indirubin by hydrolyzing the precursor, isatin, to form isatic acid (e.g., IsH activity as used herein) (see e.g., FIG. 16). Expression of an IsH transcribable nucleic acid sequence can result in increased production of indigo production compared with indirubin given decreased production of indirubin.

An IsH transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 59. An IsH transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 59 and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity. For example, an IsH transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 59 and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity.

IsH is an artificially synthesized gene based on a published sequence (AAE030703.1).

IsH can be a bacterial gene. IsH can be expressed in a bacterium. IsH can be expressed in a plant. IsH can be recoded so it is codon optimized for a host organism. IsH can be recoded so it is codon optimized for plants. IsH can be recoded so it is codon optimized for a rose.

IsH can be inserted in a cloning vector. For example, IsH can be inserted in a pUC 57 cloning vector (e.g., IsH in pUC 57).

PtBG.

A transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be PtBG.

A PtBG polypeptide can hydrolyze indican to form indoxyl (e.g., PtBG activity as used herein). Expression of a PtBG transcribable nucleic acid sequence can result in increased production of indigo by increasing production of indoxyl (see e.g., Example 11, Example 12, Example 13).

A PtBG transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include SEQ ID NO: 53. An PtBG transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53 and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity. For example, an PtBG transcribable nucleic acid sequence can include a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53 and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity.

PtBG is an artificially synthesized gene based on the published sequence (GenBank AB003089.1).

PtBG can be inserted into a cloning vector. For example, PtBG can be inserted into a pUC57 cloning vector (e.g., BG_Hh in pUC57).

PtBG can also include a flower-specific promoter, His-tag and terminator (see e.g., SEQ ID NO: 60).

Host Organism

Provided herein is a host organism or cell genetically engineered to produce one or more indole-derived compounds. A host organism or cell can be transformed with a construct described herein, such that the organism or cell can produce indole-derived compounds.

A host organism can be a eukaryotic or a prokaryotic organism.

A host organism can be a photosynthetic organism. A host organism can be, for example, a naturally photosynthetic microorganism, such as a cyanobacterium, or an engineered photosynthetic microorganism, such as an artificially photosynthetic bacterium. Exemplary microorganisms that are either naturally photosynthetic or can be engineered to be photosynthetic include, but are not limited to, bacteria; fungi; archaea; protists; microscopic plants, such as a green algae; and animals such as plankton, planarian, and amoeba. Examples of naturally occurring photosynthetic microorganisms include, but are not limited to, Spirulina maximum, Spirulina platensis, Dunaliella salina, Botrycoccus braunii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Serenastrum capricomutum, Scenedesmus auadricauda, Porphyridium cruentum, Scenedesmus acutus, Dunaliella sp., Scenedesmus obliquus, Anabaenopsis, Aulosira, Cylindrospermum, Synechoccus sp., Synechocystis sp., or Tolypothrix.

For example, a host photosynthetic microorganism can be a cyanobacterium. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a broad range of oxygenic photoautotrophs. The host cyanobacterium can be any photosynthetic microorganism from the phylum Cyanophyta. The cyanobacterium can have a unicellular or colonial (e.g., filaments, sheets, or balls) morphology. Preferably, the host cyanobacterium is a unicellular cyanobacterium. Examples of cyanobacteria that can be engineered to accumulate a disaccharide sugar include, but are not limited to, the genus Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Thermosynechococcus, Nostoc, Prochlorococcu, Microcystis, Anabaena, Spirulina, and Gloeobacter. Preferably the host cyanobacterium is a Synechocystis spp. or Synechococcus spp. More preferably, the host cyanobacterium is Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (ATCC 33912) and/or Synechocystis spp. PCC 6803 (ATCC 27184).

A host organism can be a plant. As used herein, the term “plant” can include plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cells of tissue culture from which a plant can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants such as pollen, flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, and the like.

A host plant can be any plant in which it is desirable to increase production of an indole-derived compound. A plant can be a flowering plant, conifer, fern, or moss. A host plant can be an angiosperm or a gymnosperm. A plant can be a monocot or a dicot.

A host plant can be a plant capable of producing textiles and fabric, such as cotton, flax, ramie, hemp, and jute.

A host plant can be an industrially important plant, such as woad (Isatis tinctoria), Arabidopsis thaliana, Indigofera tinctoria, Polygonum tinctorium, Baphicacanthus, roses, cotton, flax, algae, or hemp.

A host plant can be a plant capable of producing dye, such as Alder (Alnus rubra), Barberry (mahonia sp.), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Butternut Tree (Juglans cinerea), Carrot (Daucus carota), Eucalyptus, Giant Coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea), Lichen (orchella weed) (Roccellaceae), Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), Onion (Allium cepa), Pomegranate, Sassafras, Turmeric, Acorns, Amur Maple (Acer Ginnala), Beetroot, Birch, Broom, Broom Sedge, Butternut Tree (Juglans cinerea), Colorado Fir, Coneflower, Dandelion, Fennel, Goldenrod, Hollyhock, Ivy, Juniper Berries, Maple Trees, Oregano, Pine Tree Bark, St John's Wort, Sumac, Wild plum root, Strawberries, Avocado, Cherries, Raspberries, Roses, Lavender, Lichens, Camilla, Grand Fir, Dogwood, Red cabbage, Woad (Isatis tinctoria), Mulberries, Elderberries, Saffron, Grapes, Blueberries, Cornflower, Cherry, Blackberry, Hyacinth, Japanese indigo, Indigo (leaves), Red Cedar Root, Raspberry, Red Maple Tree, Nearly Black Iris, Dogwood, Oregon Grape, Purple Iris, Sweetgum, Queen Anne's Lace, Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Elderberry, pomegranates, Sumac, Sycamore, Dandelion, Beets, Bamboo, Crab Apple, Chokecherries, Madder, Hibiscus Flowers, Canadian Hemlock, Japanese Yew, Wild ripe Blackberries, Brazilwood, St. John's Wort, Bedstraw (Galium triflorum), Iris, Sumac, Meadowsweet, Blackberry, Butternut, Carob, Oak galls, Sawthorn Oak, Walnut, Pokeweed, Hibiscus, Daylilies, Safflower, Logwood, Huckleberry, Portulaca, Beluga Black Lentils, Dark Hollyhock, Basil, Artemisia, Artichokes, Tea Tree, Spinach, Sorrel, Foxglove, Lilac, Camellia, Snapdragon, Black-Eyed Susans, Grass, Pigsweed, Red Pine, Nettle, Broom, Larkspur, Plantain Roots, White Ash, Purple Milkweed, Lily-of-the-valley, Barberry root, Red onion, Yarrow, Mulga Acacia, Coneflower, Peppermint, Peony, Black-Eyed Susans, Hydrangea, Broom Flower, Peach, Plum tree, Weeping Willow, Virgina Creeper, Balm, Jewelweed, Broom Flower, Virginia Creeper, Achiote, Plum tree, Weeping Willow, Alfalfa, Bay leaves, Barberry, Beetroot, Burdock, Cameleon plant, Celery, Crocus, Daffodil, Dahlia, Dandelion, Dyer's Greenwood, Fustic, Golden Rod, Heather, Hickory, Marigold, Mimosa, Mulga Acacia, Mullein (verbascum thapsus), Old man's beard lichen, Onion, Oregon-grape, Osage Orange also known as Bois d'arc or hedgeapple, Oxallis, Queen Anne's Lace, Peach, Red Clover, Saffron, Safflower, Sassafras, St. John's Wort, Sumac, Sunflowers, Syrian Rue, Tansy, Turmeric, Weld, White mulberry tree, Willow, Yellow cone flower, Yellow, Curly, Bitter, or Butter Dock, Virgina Creeper, or Balm-Chamomile.

A host plant can be a plant capable of producing indigo, such as Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae); Indigofera suffruticosa (Fabaceae); Indigofera micheliana; Indigofera arrecta; Inidgofera coerulea; Baptisia leucantha (Fabaceae); Isatis tinctoria (Brassicacea); Polygonum tinctorium (Polygonaceae) aka Persicaria tinctoria; Calanthe discolor (Orchidaceae); Strobilanthes cusia (Acanthaceae) aka Baphicacanthus cusia; Justicia spicegera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia mohintli; Justicia colorifera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia tinctoria; Couroupita guaianensis (Lecythidaceae); Wrightia tinctoria (Apocyanceae); Marsdenia tinctoria (Apocynaceae); Lonchocarpus cyanescence (Fabaceae) syn Philenoptera cyanescens; Isatis indigotica (Brassicaceae); Isatis candoleana; Isatis buschiana; Isatis tinctoria subsp. Corymbosa; Koaophyllon tinctorium (Cornpositae, Eupatorieae) syn Eupatorium indigofera; or Cybistax antisyphilitica (Bignoniacea) aka Yangua tinctoria.

A host plant can be a flowering plant, such as alstroemeria (peruvian lilies), amaranthus, amaryllis, anemone anthurium, aster, baby's breath, bells of ireland bird of paradise, bupleurum, calla, carnation, chrysanthemum, daisy, coxcomb, daffodil, dahlia, delphinium, eremurus, freesia, gardenia, gerbera, ginger, gladiolus, heather, heliconia, hyacinth hydrangea, hypericum, iris, kangaroo paw, larkspur, leptospermum, liatris, lily, limonium, lisianthus, monte cassino aster, narcissus, orchid, omithoalum, pear blossom, peony, poinsettia, protea, queen anne's lace, quince, ranunculus, rose, snapdragon, soldaster, statice, stephanotis, stock, sunflower tulip, viburnum, or waxflower.

A host plant can be an agronomically important plant, such as maize (corn), bean, soybean, wheat, barley, hay (e.g., alfalfa and legume and grass mixtures), rice, peanut, cotton, tomato, cucurbit (e.g., squash, pumpkin, gourd, cucumber, melon, watermelon, zucchini), okra, eggplant, pepper, sugar beet, sugarcane, cassava, potatoes, palm, rapeseed (canola), sunflower, coconut, olive, flax, safflower, sesame, apple, pear, grape, strawberry, blackcurrant, redcurrant, gooseberry, guava, lucuma, chili pepper, pomegranate, kiwifruit, cranberry, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, boysenberry, banana, plum, cherry, peach, apricot, mango, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, pineapple, fig, mulberry, hedge apple, osage-orange, or breadfruit.

A host organism can be a cell with or without a nucleus.

A host cell can be a cell without a nucleus, such as bacteria. For example, a bacteria host cell can be E. coli. A bacteria host cell can be a strain of E. coli such as DH5alpha, TOP10, JW1252-1, HME5, or JW1251.

As another example, a bacteria host can be Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A bacteria host cell can be a strain on Agrobacterium tumefaciens, such as AGL0, AGL1, EHA101, EHA105, GV3101, GV3850 or LBA4404.

A host cell can be a cell with a nucleus, such as a yeast, fungi, or animal cell.

A transformed host organism or a host cell can be analyzed for the presence of a gene of interest or the expression level or profile conferred by the expression system of the present disclosure. Those of skill in the art are aware of the numerous methods available for the analysis of transformed hosts. For example, methods for host analysis include, but are not limited to Southern blots or northern blots, PCR-based approaches, biochemical analyses, phenotypic screening methods, and immunodiagnostic assays.

Colored Host Organism

Provided herein is a host organism that is genetically engineered to produce one or more indole-derived compound which imparts a colored phenotype, e.g., a visible color to the host organism or a part or portion of the host organism. A host organism or cell can be transformed with a construct described herein, such that the organism or cell can produce one or more indole-derived compounds, which can result in a colored phenotype (e.g., a visible color) to the host organism or cell, or extract thereof.

As shown herein, a visible color can be obtained by genetically engineering a host organism to increase or decrease formation of an indole-derived compound. For example, an indole derived compound can be indole, indoxyl, indigo, indirubin, isatin, hydroxyindole (e.g., 2-hydroxyindole, 3-hydroxyindole), isatan B, indican, 2-oxindole, 3-oxindole, or isatic acid.

The visible color of the host organism (e.g., plant) or a portion of the host organism (e.g., fiber, flower), or an extract thereof, can be any color in which an indole-derived compound can be observed in the visible spectrum. As described herein, an indole-derived compound can impart any color in the visible spectrum to the host organism or a portion of the host organism, or an extract thereof. For example, indole-derived compounds can impart colors on the visible spectrum (e.g., between 390 nm to 700 nm) to the host organism.

A colored phenotype of a host organism or a portion of the host organism can have a visible color having a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 750 nm. For example, a colored phenotype of a host organism or a portion of the host organism can have a visible color having a wavelength of about 380 nm, 390 nm, 400 nm, 410 nm, 420 nm, 430 nm, 440 nm, 450 nm, 460 nm, 470 nm, 480 nm, 490 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm, 560 nm, 570 nm, 580 nm, 590 nm, 600 nm, 610 nm, 620 nm, 630 nm, 640 nm, 650 nm, 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, 700 nm, 710 nm. 720 nm, 730 nm, 740 nm, or 750 nm. Recitation of the above discrete values is understood to described ranges between each individual value. Unless otherwise indicated herein, ranges between each individual value recited above are incorporated into the specification.

A colored phenotype of a host organism or a portion of the host organism can include one or more of the following colors (e.g., wavelengths): violet (e.g., about 380-450 nm), blue (e.g., about 450-495 nm), green (e.g., about 495-570 nm), yellow (e.g., about 570-590 nm), orange (e.g., about 590-620 nm), or red (e.g., about 620-750 nm).

As shown herein, a colored phenotype of the host organism or a portion of the host organism can be an unsaturated color. For example, a colored phenotype of the host organism or a portion of the host organism can include a visible color selected from magenta, pink, or purple.

Promoter

One or more of the nucleotide sequences discussed herein can be operably linked to a promoter that can function in the host organism. Promoter selection can allow expression of a desired gene product under a variety of conditions.

Promoters can be selected for optimal function in a host organism into which the vector/construct will be inserted. Promoters can also be selected on the basis of their regulatory features. Examples of such features include enhancement of transcriptional activity and inducibility.

The promoter can be an inducible promoter. For example, the promoter can be induced according to temperature, pH, a hormone, a metabolite (e.g., lactose, mannitol, an amino acid), light (e.g., wavelength specific), osmotic potential (e.g., salt induced), a heavy metal, or an antibiotic. Numerous standard inducible promoters will be known to one of skill in the art.

The term “chimeric” is understood to refer to the product of the fusion of portions of two or more different polynucleotide molecules. “Chimeric promoter” is understood to refer to a promoter produced through the manipulation of known promoters or other polynucleotide molecules. Such chimeric promoters can combine enhancer domains that can confer or modulate gene expression from one or more promoters or regulatory elements, for example, by fusing a heterologous enhancer domain from a first promoter to a second promoter with its own partial or complete regulatory elements. Thus, the design, construction, and use of chimeric promoters according to the methods disclosed herein for modulating the expression of operably linked polynucleotide sequences are encompassed by the present disclosure.

Novel chimeric promoters can be designed or engineered by a number of methods. For example, a chimeric promoter may be produced by fusing an enhancer domain from a first promoter to a second promoter. The resultant chimeric promoter may have novel expression properties relative to the first or second promoters. Novel chimeric promoters can be constructed such that the enhancer domain from a first promoter is fused at the 5′ end, at the 3′ end, or at any position internal to the second promoter.

A P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be linked to a regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, that can allow for constitutive expression of the sequence in a host organism. Modifications to the transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be made according to desired host organism. For example, expression of plant P450 genes in bacteria can be enhanced by removal of the N-terminal portion of the gene encoding a signal peptide, and replacing it with the leader sequence of a periplasmic protein such as ompA.

A plant P450 transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be linked to a promoter that can control expression of the gene in specific tissues of a host organism, such as seed trichomes (e.g., cotton fibers) or flower petals, that can allow for the production of indigo and indirubin in these tissues.

Construct

Any of the transcribable nucleic acid sequences described herein can be provided in one or more constructs. For example, multiple transcribable nucleic acid sequences can be included in one construct. As another example, a single transcribable nucleic acid sequence can be included in a construct. A plurality of constructs (containing multiple or single transcribable nucleic acid sequences) can be used in conjunction (e.g., to transform a host organism).

Constructs of the present disclosure generally include a promoter functional in the host organism operably linked to a transcribable polynucleotide molecule.

Exemplary promoters are discussed above. One or more additional promoters may also be provided in the recombinant construct. These promoters can be operably linked to any of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule sequences described above.

The term “construct” is understood to refer to any recombinant polynucleotide molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus, autonomously replicating polynucleotide molecule, phage, or linear or circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA polynucleotide molecule, derived from any source, capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, comprising a polynucleotide molecule where one or more polynucleotide molecule has been linked in a functionally operative manner, i.e. operably linked. The term “vector” or “vector construct” is understood to refer to any recombinant polynucleotide construct that may be used for the purpose of transformation, i.e., the introduction of heterologous DNA into a host organism.

In addition, a construct can include additional polynucleotide molecules from an untranslated region of the gene of interest. These additional polynucleotide molecules can be derived from a source that is native or heterologous with respect to the other elements present in the construct.

A construct described herein can be plasmid-based or integrated into the host genome. For example, a construct described herein can be present in the host as a plasmid. As another example, a construct described herein can be integrated into the genome of the host. In some embodiments, integration into the genome of the host can increase inducible expression of the target nucleotide.

Host strains developed according to the approaches described herein can be evaluated by a number of means known in the art (see e.g., Studier (2005) Protein Expr Purif. 41(1), 207-234; Gellissen, ed. (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10: 3527310363; Baneyx (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10: 0954523253).

Molecular Engineering

The following definitions and methods are provided to better define the present invention and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present invention. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

The terms “heterologous DNA sequence”, “exogenous DNA segment” or “heterologous nucleic acid,” as used herein, each refer to a sequence that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form. Thus, a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell but has been modified through, for example, the use of DNA shuffling. The terms also include non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring DNA sequence. Thus, the terms refer to a DNA segment that is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. Exogenous DNA segments are expressed to yield exogenous polypeptides. A “homologous” DNA sequence is a DNA sequence that is naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced.

Expression vector, expression construct, plasmid, or recombinant DNA construct is generally understood to refer to a nucleic acid that has been generated via human intervention, including by recombinant means or direct chemical synthesis, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription or translation of a particular nucleic acid in, for example, a host cell. The expression vector can be part of a plasmid, virus, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, the expression vector can include a nucleic acid to be transcribed operably linked to a promoter.

A “promoter” is generally understood as a nucleic acid control sequence that directs transcription of a nucleic acid. An inducible promoter is generally understood as a promoter that mediates transcription of an operably linked gene in response to a particular stimulus. A promoter can include necessary nucleic acid sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element. A promoter can optionally include distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription.

A “transcribable nucleic acid molecule” as used herein refers to any nucleic acid molecule capable of being transcribed into a RNA molecule. Methods are known for introducing constructs into a cell in such a manner that the transcribable nucleic acid molecule is transcribed into a functional mRNA molecule that is translated and therefore expressed as a protein product. Constructs may also be constructed to be capable of expressing antisense RNA molecules, in order to inhibit translation of a specific RNA molecule of interest. For the practice of the present disclosure, conventional compositions and methods for preparing and using constructs and host cells are well known to one skilled in the art (see e.g., Sambrook and Russel (2006) Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879697717; Ausubel et al. (2002) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5th ed., Current Protocols, ISBN-10: 0471250929; Sambrook and Russel (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879695773; Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P. 1988. Methods in Enzymology 167, 747-754).

The “transcription start site” or “initiation site” is the position surrounding the first nucleotide that is part of the transcribed sequence, which is also defined as position +1. With respect to this site all other sequences of the gene and its controlling regions can be numbered. Downstream sequences (i.e., further protein encoding sequences in the 3′ direction) can be denominated positive, while upstream sequences (mostly of the controlling regions in the 5′ direction) are denominated negative.

“Operably-linked” or “functionally linked” refers preferably to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a regulatory DNA sequence is said to be “operably linked to” or “associated with” a DNA sequence that codes for an RNA or a polypeptide if the two sequences are situated such that the regulatory DNA sequence affects expression of the coding DNA sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence or functional RNA is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably-linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation. The two nucleic acid molecules may be part of a single contiguous nucleic acid molecule and may be adjacent. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a gene of interest if the promoter regulates or mediates transcription of the gene of interest in a cell.

A “construct” is generally understood as any recombinant nucleic acid molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus, autonomously replicating nucleic acid molecule, phage, or linear or circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA nucleic acid molecule, derived from any source, capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, comprising a nucleic acid molecule where one or more nucleic acid molecule has been operably linked.

A constructs of the present disclosure can contain a promoter operably linked to a transcribable nucleic acid molecule operably linked to a 3′ transcription termination nucleic acid molecule. In addition, constructs can include but are not limited to additional regulatory nucleic acid molecules from, e.g., the 3′-untranslated region (3′ UTR). Constructs can include but are not limited to the 5′ untranslated regions (5′ UTR) of an mRNA nucleic acid molecule which can play an important role in translation initiation and can also be a genetic component in an expression construct. These additional upstream and downstream regulatory nucleic acid molecules may be derived from a source that is native or heterologous with respect to the other elements present on the promoter construct.

The term “transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host cell, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host cells containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” cells, and organisms comprising transgenic cells are referred to as “transgenic organisms”.

“Transformed,” “transgenic,” and “recombinant” refer to a host cell or organism such as a bacterium, cyanobacterium, animal or a plant into which a heterologous nucleic acid molecule has been introduced. The nucleic acid molecule can be stably integrated into the genome as generally known in the art and disclosed (Sambrook 1989; Innis 1995; Gelfand 1995; Innis & Gelfand 1999). The term “untransformed” refers to normal cells that have not been through the transformation process.

“Wild-type” refers to a virus or organism found in nature without any known mutation.

Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially mismatched primers, and the like.

Design, generation, and testing of the variant nucleotides, and their encoded polypeptides, having the above required percent identities and retaining a required activity of the expressed protein is within the skill of the art. For example, directed evolution and rapid isolation of mutants can be according to methods described in references including, but not limited to, Link et al. (2007) Nature Reviews 5(9), 680-688; Sanger et al. (1991) Gene 97(1), 119-123; Ghadessy et al. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(8) 4552-4557. Thus, one skilled in the art could generate a large number of nucleotide and/or polypeptide variants having, for example, at least 95-99% identity to the reference sequence described herein and screen such for desired phenotypes according to methods routine in the art.

Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence identity percent (%) is understood as the percentage of nucleotide or amino acid residues that are identical with nucleotide or amino acid residues in a candidate sequence in comparison to a reference sequence when the two sequences are aligned. To determine percent identity, sequences are aligned and if necessary, gaps are introduced to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Sequence alignment procedures to determine percent identity are well known to those of skill in the art. Often publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST2, ALIGN2 or Megalign (DNASTAR) software is used to align sequences. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full-length of the sequences being compared. When sequences are aligned, the percent sequence identity of a given sequence A to, with, or against a given sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given sequence A that has or comprises a certain percent sequence identity to, with, or against a given sequence B) can be calculated as: percent sequence identity=X/Y100, where X is the number of residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program's or algorithm's alignment of A and B and Y is the total number of residues in B. If the length of sequence A is not equal to the length of sequence B, the percent sequence identity of A to B will not equal the percent sequence identity of B to A.

Generally, conservative substitutions can be made at any position so long as the required activity is retained. So-called conservative exchanges can be carried out in which the amino acid which is replaced has a similar property as the original amino acid, for example the exchange of Glu by Asp, Gln by Asn, Val by Ile, Leu by Ile, and Ser by Thr. Deletion is the replacement of an amino acid by a direct bond. Positions for deletions include the termini of a polypeptide and linkages between individual protein domains. Insertions are introductions of amino acids into the polypeptide chain, a direct bond formally being replaced by one or more amino acids. Amino acid sequence can be modulated with the help of art-known computer simulation programs that can produce a polypeptide with, for example, improved activity or altered regulation. On the basis of this artificially generated polypeptide sequences, a corresponding nucleic acid molecule coding for such a modulated polypeptide can be synthesized in-vitro using the specific codon-usage of the desired host cell.

“Highly stringent hybridization conditions” are defined as hybridization at 65° C. in a 6×SSC buffer (i.e., 0.9 M sodium chloride and 0.09 M sodium citrate). Given these conditions, a determination can be made as to whether a given set of sequences will hybridize by calculating the melting temperature (T_(m)) of a DNA duplex between the two sequences. If a particular duplex has a melting temperature lower than 65° C. in the salt conditions of a 6×SSC, then the two sequences will not hybridize. On the other hand, if the melting temperature is above 65° C. in the same salt conditions, then the sequences will hybridize. In general, the melting temperature for any hybridized DNA:DNA sequence can be determined using the following formula: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6(log₁₀[Na⁺])+0.41(fraction G/C content)−0.63(% formamide)−(600/l). Furthermore, the T_(m) of a DNA:DNA hybrid is decreased by 1-1.5° C. for every 1% decrease in nucleotide identity (see e.g., Sambrook and Russel, 2006).

Host cells can be transformed using a variety of standard techniques known to the art (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russel (2006) Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879697717; Ausubel et al. (2002) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5th ed., Current Protocols, ISBN-10: 0471250929; Sambrook and Russel (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879695773; Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P. 1988. Methods in Enzymology 167, 747-754). Such techniques include, but are not limited to, viral infection, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, microprojectile-mediated delivery, receptor-mediated uptake, cell fusion, electroporation, and the like. The transfected cells can be selected and propagated to provide recombinant host cells that comprise the expression vector stably integrated in the host cell genome.

Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to a host cell include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods. The term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the cell, DNA from another individual of the same type of organism, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.

Host strains developed according to the approaches described herein can be evaluated by a number of means known in the art (see e.g., Studier (2005) Protein Expr Purif. 41(1), 207-234; Gellissen, ed. (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10: 3527310363; Baneyx (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10: 0954523253).

Methods of down-regulation or silencing genes are known in the art. For example, expressed protein activity can be down-regulated or eliminated using antisense oligonucleotides, protein aptamers, nucleotide aptamers, and RNA interference (RNAi) (e.g., small interfering RNAs (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and micro RNAs (miRNA) (see e.g., Fanning and Symonds (2006) Handb Exp Pharmacol. 173, 289-303G, describing hammerhead ribozymes and small hairpin RNA; Helene, C., et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 27-36; Maher (1992) Bioassays 14(12): 807-15, describing targeting deoxyribonucleotide sequences; Lee et al. (2006) Curr Opin Chem Biol. 10, 1-8, describing aptamers; Reynolds et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnology 22(3), 326-330, describing RNAi; Pushparaj and Melendez (2006) Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 33(5-6), 504-510, describing RNAi; Dillon et al. (2005) Annual Review of Physiology 67, 147-173, describing RNAi; Dykxhoorn and Lieberman (2005) Annual Review of Medicine 56, 401-423, describing RNAi). RNAi molecules are commercially available from a variety of sources (e.g., Ambion, Tex.; Sigma Aldrich, Mo.; Invitrogen). Several siRNA molecule design programs using a variety of algorithms are known to the art (see e.g., Cenix algorithm, Ambion; BLOCK-iT™ RNAi Designer, Invitrogen; siRNA Whitehead Institute Design Tools, Bioinformatics & Research Computing). Traits influential in defining optimal siRNA sequences include G/C content at the termini of the siRNAs, Tm of specific internal domains of the siRNA, siRNA length, position of the target sequence within the CDS (coding region), and nucleotide content of the 3′ overhangs.

Kits

Also provided are kits. Such kits can include an agent or composition described herein and, in certain embodiments, instructions for administration. Such kits can facilitate performance of the methods described herein. When supplied as a kit, the different components of the composition can be packaged in separate containers and admixed immediately before use. Components include, but are not limited to a construct, expression system, expression cassette described herein, or components or sequences thereof. Such packaging of the components separately can, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the composition. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack. Such packaging of the components separately can also, in certain instances, permit long-term storage without losing activity of the components.

Kits may also include reagents in separate containers such as, for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized active component packaged separately. For example, sealed glass ampules may contain a lyophilized component and in a separate ampule, sterile water, sterile saline or sterile each of which has been packaged under a neutral non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen. Ampules may consist of any suitable material, such as glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents. Other examples of suitable containers include bottles that may be fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that may consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like. Containers may have a sterile access port, such as a bottle having a stopper that can be pierced by a hypodermic injection needle. Other containers may have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.

In certain embodiments, kits can be supplied with instructional materials. Instructions may be printed on paper or other substrate, and/or may be supplied as an electronic-readable medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. Detailed instructions may not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user may be directed to an Internet web site specified by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit.

Compositions and methods described herein utilizing molecular biology protocols can be according to a variety of standard techniques known to the art (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russel (2006) Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879697717; Ausubel et al. (2002) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5th ed., Current Protocols, ISBN-10: 0471250929; Sambrook and Russel (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879695773; Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P. 1988. Methods in Enzymology 167, 747-754; Studier (2005) Protein Expr Purif. 41(1), 207-234; Gellissen, ed. (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10: 3527310363; Baneyx (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10: 0954523253).

Definitions and methods described herein are provided to better define the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

In some embodiments, numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the present disclosure are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” In some embodiments, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the present disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the present disclosure may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Unless otherwise indicated herein, ranges between each individual value are incorporated into the specification as if separately recited herein.

In some embodiments, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar references used in the context of describing a particular embodiment (especially in the context of certain of the following claims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless specifically noted otherwise. In some embodiments, the term “or” as used herein, including the claims, is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive.

The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and can also cover other unlisted steps. Similarly, any composition or device that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more features is not limited to possessing only those one or more features and can cover other unlisted features.

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the present disclosure.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Citation of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present disclosure.

Having described the present disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalent embodiments are possible without departing the scope of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are provided as non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of the present disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1: Biosynthetic Pathway

The following Example describes the studies supporting the proposed biosynthetic pathway for indirubin and indigo.

The blue dye indigo (see e.g., FIG. 1A) and the anticancer compound indirubin (see e.g., FIG. 1B) found in Isatis tinctoria is presently thought to be derived biosynthetically from the oxidation of indole and subsequent dimerization of hydroxylated intermediates (see e.g., FIG. 2).

Subcloning of TSA and P450 (ItBs) Genes into Expression Vectors

Two TSA genes (TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2)) from I. tinctoria were subcloned into pUC18 plasmid and transformed into a mutant E. coli strain lacking a functional TSA gene (trpA⁻). Both TSA genes were able to complement tryptophan auxotrophy in trpA⁻ E. coli cells grown on minimal media lacking tryptophan (see e.g., FIG. 5).

Candidate P450 genes (ItB4, SEQ ID NO: 3 and ItB24, SEQ ID NO: 4) from I. tinctoria were sub-cloned into a bicistronic pCWori expression vector together with a P450 reductase gene from Arabidopsis (SEQ ID NO: 56), and transformed into DH5alpha E. coli cells.

Optimization of Protein Expression

Protein expression was optimized and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Upon expression in E. coli cells, two P450 proteins produced indigo and indirubin, which were identified based on Rf values by thin layer chromatography (TLC) (see e.g., FIG. 4).

Coexpression of TSA and P450 Genes

Bicistronic vector constructs were prepared to co-express Isatis tinctoria (woad) P450 genes (ItB4, SEQ ID NO: 3 and ItB24, SEQ ID NO: 4) with a P450-reductase gene from Arabidopsis (AtR2) (SEQ ID NO: 56). A bicistronic plasmid (pCWb) containing human cytochrome P450 gene (CYP2A6) (SEQ ID NO: 38) with a human P450-reductase gene (hNPR) (SEQ ID NO: 39) (previously shown to produce indigo in E. coli cells) was used as a positive control. E. coli bacterial cells (DH5alpha) were transformed with bicistronic plasmid constructs and grown to an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6 before induction of protein expression with IPTG.

Induction of Protein Expression

Protein expression in IPTG-induced samples was detected and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot using anti-His antibodies. Bacterial (E. coli) cultures expressing candidate P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) from Isatis tinctoria were extracted with two different solvents, chloroform (see e.g., FIG. 3) and ethyl acetate (not shown). The extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography on a silica gel plate. Two woad (Isatis tinctoria) P450 proteins (ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3), ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4)) produced indigo and indirubin.

Indole-Derived Compound Analysis

Different compounds were identified based on Rf values compared to CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38) products and indirubin standard (see e.g., FIG. 4). A yellow compound seen on silica gel plate was 2-hydroxyindole, a pink compound was identified as indirubin, and a blue compound found in some extractions has an Rf value similar to indigo. The 2-hydroxyindole due to its high polarity did not move upward when chloroform or ethyl acetate was used as mobile phase solvent, so an ethanol/ethyl acetate mixture (3:1) was used to elute it from the origin.

TSA2 Complementation of Tryptophan Auxotrophy

A previously characterized woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA gene (TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1)), a new woad TSA-like gene (TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2)), and a woad TSB gene were sub-cloned into pUC18 plasmid vector. Plasmid constructs containing TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) genes were transformed into competent JW1251 cells. JW1251 cells lack the ability to synthesize tryptophan in minimal media and thus fail to grow in minimal media lacking tryptophan. Empty pUC18 plasmid DNA containing no TSA genes was also transformed into JW1251 cells as control. No colonies were observed on control plates indicating inability of JW1251 cells to grow in absence of tryptophan and inability to synthesize tryptophan from C and N sources available in minimal media. Colonies were produced by JW1251 cells transformed with pUC18 constructs containing TSA2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) indicating the ability of TSA2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) to complement the tryptophan auxotrophy of JW1251 cells on minimal media (see e.g., FIG. 5).

Coexpression of TSA and ItB in Bacteria Lacking Tryptophanase Gene

Woad P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) were also co-expressed with woad TSA genes (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) in a mutant E. coli strain lacking tryptophanase gene and ability to produce indole (see e.g., TABLE 1).

TABLE 1 Chemical products of coexpression of woad P450 (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) and TSA (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) genes in a mutant E. coli strain lacking tryptophanase (indole producing enzyme) activity. TSA1 (SEQ TSA2 (SEQ TSA1 (SEQ TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) + ID NO: 2) + ID NO: 1) + ID NO: 2) + Expected ltB4 (SEQ ID ltB4 (SEQ ID ltB24 (SEQ ltB24 (SEQ Products NO: 3) NO: 3) ID NO: 4) ID NO: 4) Isatin Present No growth of Present Present cells Oxyindole Present No growth of Present Present cells Indigo x No growth of x x cells Indirubin Present No growth of Present x cells

In summary, this Example showed TSA (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) and P450 (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) genes have been expressed in bacteria to produce indoxyl derived compounds including indigo and indole. This Example also showed that tryptophansynthase alpha (TSA) in I. tinctoria can be responsible for the production of free indole molecules from indole-3-glycerol phosphate, and that P450 proteins catalyze the oxidation of free indole molecules to produce 2-hydroxyindole and 3-hydroxyindole.

Example 2: Isolation of P450s (ItBs) from Plants

This Example describe methods to isolate P450s from plants having indole oxidation activity that can lead to indigo and indirubin formation. The methods include (1) isolating RNA from indigo-producing plants, (2) obtaining the sequences of the genes by RNA sequencing and assembly, (3) looking for P450 genes based on sequence similar to known P450 genes using nucleotide comparison algorithms such as BLAST and ClustalW, (4) PCR cloning the coding regions of P450 genes into a bacterial expression plasmid that already has a plant P450 reductase (see e.g., Example 4), (5) transforming the plasmid containing the P450 gene and the P450 reductase into bacteria (see e.g., Example 5), (6) inducing the expression of the P450 gene and P450 reductase (see e.g., Example 5), and (7) monitoring for the formation of blue and/or red pigments by TLC, HPLC, or GC-MS (see e.g., Example 6).

Example 3: TSA and P450 (ItB) Gene Cloning

The following example describes TSA (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) and P450 gene (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) cloning from Isatis tinctoria.

Four young leaves from a one-year old Isatis tinctoria plant (purchased from Companion Plants, Athens, Ohio) was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen using a mortar and pestle. The powder was transferred to a 1.5 mL microfuge tube and resuspended in 0.55 mL RNA extraction buffer (0.2 M Tris-HCl pH 9.0, 0.4 M LiCl, 25 mM EDTA and 1% SDS) by mixing with a vortex mixer. An equal volume of water-saturated phenol was added and then mixed. After centrifugation at 16,000 g for 2 minutes, the top layer was transferred to a new microfuge tube, which was again extracted with water-saturated phenol, and then with 0.55 mL chloroform. After transferring the top layer to a new tube, 55 μL of sodium acetate (3 M, pH 5.3) and 500 μL of 95% ethanol were added to the solution, mixed and chilled at −80° C. for 20 minutes.

The tube was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded while the pellet was resuspended in 300 μL of 2 M LiCl by pipetting up and down. The tube was placed on ice for 30 minutes and centrifuged 16,000 g for 2 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was resuspended in 300 μL water. After adding 30 μL sodium acetate (3 M, pH 5.3) and 700 μL 95% ethanol, the mixture was chilled at −80° C. for 15 minutes. The tube was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 2 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. The pellet was rinsed with 75% ethanol and the tube was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 2 minutes. The supernatant was carefully removed using a pipet and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes. The pellet was resuspended in 50 μL nuclease-free water, and the resulting solution was used as the RNA for cDNA synthesis, which was done with a SuperScript® II enzyme kit (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's protocol, using Oligo_dT24 (SEQ ID NO: 8) as a primer.

The cDNA was used as a template for the PCR amplification of two P450 genes named ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4), which required two amplification reactions. The first PCR used ItB4_5 utr_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or ItB24_5 utr_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) as forward primers, and GR_3′-primer (SEQ ID NO: 9) as the reverse primer. The second PCR used ItB4_F1cacc (SEQ ID NO: 12) or ItB24_F1cacc (SEQ ID NO: 13) as forward primers, and ItB4_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 14) or ItB24_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 15) as reverse primers, respectively. The PCR mixture consisted of 36 μL water, 1 μL 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 0.5 μL template (cDNA for the first PCR and a 1/100 dilution of the first PCR product for the second PCR), 0.5 μL Advantage® HD Polymerase Mix (Clontech) and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions for the first PCR included a 98° C. hot start for 10 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 10 sec, and 72° C. for 2 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. The cycling conditions for the second PCR also included a 98° C. hot start for 10 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 58° C. for 5 sec, and 72° C. for 1 min, with 72° C. incubation for 5 minutes at the end. The second PCR products were cloned into pET101 TOPO-vector (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol, and transformed into either OneShot® TOP10 (Invitrogen) or Stellar™ (Clontech) chemically competent E. coli cells.

Transformed cells were grown in LB Broth, Miller (Fisher) containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin at 37° C. for 16 hours, from which plasmids were prepared using the Wizard® Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System (Promega), to yield the plasmids pET101-ItB4 and pET101-ItB24.

The same steps were performed for the cloning of TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), except using a different set of primers. The first PCR used TSA1_5 utr_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 26) or TSA2_5 utr_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 29) as forward primers, and GR_3′-primer (SEQ ID NO: 9) as the reverse primer. The second PCR used TSA1_cacc_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 27) or TSA2_cacc_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 30) as forward primers, and TSA1_stp_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 28) or TSA2_stp_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 31) as reverse primers, respectively. Cloning of the PCR products into pET101, transformation of TOP10 cells, and overnight culture of transformed cells from plasmids were prepared, as was done for ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4), yielded two additional plasmids designated pET101-TSA1 and pET101-TSA2.

Example 4: P450 (ItB) Gene Subcloning into Expression Vector

The following example describes the subcloning of P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) into a suitable expression vector for bacterial expression.

An effective expression vector for the expression of P450 (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) genes in bacteria can be the pCWori+ vector (Barnes, 1996), which has been used to express the human P450 gene CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38) and its native P450 reductase partner in a bicistronic fashion, in a plasmid construct designated as pCWb-2A6-hNPR (Gillam et al. 1999). The human P450 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 39) was replaced with a truncated (missing the first 72 amino acids in the N-terminal) plant P450 reductase gene (AtR2) (SEQ ID NO: 56) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Hull & Celenza 2000), and the human P450 (CYP2A6) (SEQ ID NO: 38) along with a modified amino-terminal leader sequence derived from bovine CYP17A gene (SEQ ID NO: 43) (Fisher et al. 1992) was replaced with either one of the Isatis tinctoria P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4) preceded by the OmpA leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 42) (Pritchard et al. 1997).

To replace the human P450 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 39) with a P450 reductase of A. thaliana (SEQ ID NO: 56) (Hull & Celenza 2000), the pCWb-2A6-hNPR was used as template for a PCR using pCWb_vector_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) and pCWb_vector_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 25) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The PCR mixture consisted of 35.5 μL water, 1 μL 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL template, 0.5 μL Advantage® HD Polymerase Mix (Clontech), and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions included a 98° C. hot start for 10 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 10 sec, and 72° C. for 3 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. After amplification, the mixture was treated with DpnI at 37° C. for 1 hour, and the PCR product was purified by passing the mixture through a Nucleospin® column (Macherey-Nagel) to yield a linearized pCWori+ vector without the human P450 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 39), although still harboring CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38), which is designated as pCWb-2A6.

A truncated (missing the first 72 amino acids in the N-terminal) A. thaliana P450 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 56) was amplified from the pSTV28-ATR2 plasmid (Harada et al. 2011) using pCWb_AtR2_F1coR (SEQ ID NO: 20) and pCWb_AtR2_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 21) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The PCR mixture consisted of 35.5 μL water, 1 μL of 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL template, 0.5 μL Advantage® HD Polymerase Mix (Clontech), and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions included a 98° C. hot start for 10 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 10 sec, and 72° C. for 2 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. The PCR product was purified by passing the mixture through a Nucleospin® column (Macherey-Nagel) to yield ATR2mod (Hull and Celenza 2000) flanked by 15 nucleotides on either side that overlap with the terminal regions of the linearized pCWB-2A6, thus allowing for the insertion of ATR2mod into pCWb-2A6 using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech). PCR-amplified ATR2mod was cloned into PCR-amplified linearized pCWb-2A6 using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions, to yield the plasmid pCWb-2A6-ATR2mod.

pCWb-2A6-ATR2mod was digested with FastDigest® NdeI and XbaI (Thermo Scientific) at 37° C. for 15 minutes, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and recovered from the gel using a scalpel and a Nucleospin® Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel) to yield a linearized pCWb-ATR2mod (i.e., without CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38)). To replace CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38) with Isatis tinctoria P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) preceded by OmpA leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 42), CYP2A6 (SEQ ID NO: 38) was first replaced by a P450 gene construct that already had OmpA. This gene construct designated OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) had been manufactured and sequence-verified by BioBasic, Inc. OmpA-T13H-His (SEQ ID NO: 7) was PCR amplified from the manufactured gene contained in a pUC57 vector provided by BioBasic, Inc. using pCWb_OmpA_Nde_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 22) and pCWb_His_XbaI_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The PCR mixture consisted of 36 μL water, 1 μL of 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 0.5 μL template (1 ng pUC57 plasmid containing OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) synthesized by BioBasic, Inc.), 0.5 μL Phusion® High Fidelity DNA Polymerase Mix (Thermo Scientific), and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions included a 98° C. hot start for 30 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 20 sec, and 72° C. for 1 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. After amplification, the mixture was treated with DpnI at 37° C. for 1 hour, and the PCR product was purified by passing the mixture through a Nucleospin® column (Macherey-Nagel) to yield OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) flanked by 15 nucleotides on either side that overlap with the terminal regions of the linearized pCWB-ATR2mod, thus allowing for the insertion of OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) into pCWb-ATR2mod using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech). PCR-amplified OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) was cloned into PCR-amplified linearized pCWb-ATR2mod using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions, to yield the plasmid pCWb-OmpA:T13H:His-ATR2mod.

To replace OmpA:T13H:His (SEQ ID NO: 7) with Isatis tinctoria P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) preceded by the OmpA leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 42) (i.e., OmpA:ItB4 and OmpA:ItB24), pCWb-OmpA:T13H:His-ATR2mod was digested with FastDigest® NheI and XbaI (Thermo Scientific) at 37° C. for 15 minutes, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the linearized plasmid recovered from the gel using a scalpel and a Nucleospin® Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel) to yield pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod. ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) were each amplified by PCR using OmpA_ItB4_NheI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and OmpA_ItB24_NheI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 18) as forward primers, and pCWB_ItB4_XbaI_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 17) and pCWB_ItB24_XbaI_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 19) as reverse primers, respectively. The PCR mixture consisted of 35.5 μL water, 1 μL of 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL template (pET101-ItB4 or pET101-ItB24), 0.5 μL Phusion® High Fidelity DNA Polymerase Mix (Thermo Scientific) and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions included a 98° C. hot start for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 60° C. for 15 sec, and 72° C. for 2.5 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. After amplification, the mixture was treated with DpnI at 37° C. for 1 hour, and the PCR product was purified by passing the mixture through a Nucleospin® column (Macherey-Nagel) to yield either pET101-ItB4 or pET101-ItB24 with 15 extra nucleotides on both sides of each gene that overlap with the terminal regions of the linearized pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod, thus allowing for the insertion of either ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) or ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) into pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech). PCR-amplified ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) were each cloned into PCR-amplified linearized pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions, to yield the plasmids pCWb-OmpA: ItB4-ATR2mod and pCWb-OmpA: ItB24-ATR2mod, respectively.

Example 5: P450 (ItB) Gene Expression and Induction in Bacteria

The following example describes the heterologous expression of Isatis tinctoria P450 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) in bacteria.

The plasmids pCWb-OmpA: ItB4-ATR2mod and pCWb-OmpA: ItB24-ATR2mod were each transformed into chemically competent DH5alpha cells. Transformed cells were grown overnight at 37° C. with shaking (250 rpm) in LB broth containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Overnight, grown culture (50 μL) was inoculated into 50 mL Terrific Broth (TB) media (Invitrogen) containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 100 μL 80% glycerol. After growing at 37° C. with shaking (250 rpm) and reaching an optical density at 600 nm of 0.6 to 0.8, the bacteria were induced with 0.5 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and supplemented with 1.0 mM thiamine and 0.5 mM δ-aminolevulenic acid. The bacteria were then incubated at 29° C. with shaking (250 rpm) for two days.

Example 6: Indigo and Indirubin Analysis

The following example describes the analysis of Indigo and Indirubin.

Bacterial cultures were extracted with equal amounts of chloroform. The combined chloroform extract was evaporated to minimal volume under reduced pressure and applied onto a silica TLC plate developed with chloroform/acetone (97:3). Two colored bands were observed: a pink band with the same Rf value as indirubin, and a blue band with the same Rf value as indigo.

Example 7: Codon-Optimized P450 (ItB) Gene Subcloning for Bacterial Expression

The following example describes the subcloning of codon-optimized plant P450 genes for bacterial expression.

Codon optimization software was used to generate ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) nucleotide sequences (coItB4 and coItB24) that were codon-optimized for bacteria. These nucleotide sequences were synthesized with a His-tag at the C-terminal and cloned into pUC57 vector by BioBasic Inc. to yield the plasmids pUC57-coItB4:His and pUC57-coItB24:His. These plasmids were used as template for PCR amplification of coItB4 and coItB24 using OmpA_coItB4_NheI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 32) and OmpA_coItB24_NheI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 33) as forward primers, respectively, and pCWb_His_XbaI_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as a reverse primer. The PCR mixture consisted of 35.5 μL water, 1 μL of 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL template, 0.5 μL Phusion® High Fidelity DNA Polymerase Mix (Thermo Scientific) and 10 μL of the accompanying 5× buffer. The cycling conditions included a 98° C. hot start for 30 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 15 sec, and 72° C. for 1 min, ending with 72° C. for 5 minutes. After amplification, the PCR products were each purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and passing the excised bands through a Nucleospin® column (Macherey-Nagel), yielding PCR-amplified coItB4-His (SEQ ID NO: 5) and coItB24:His (SEQ ID NO: 6) each flanked by 15 nucleotides that overlap with the terminal regions of the linearized pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod. PCR-amplified coItB4:His (SEQ ID NO: 5) and coItB24:His (SEQ ID NO: 6) were each cloned into PCR-amplified linearized pCWb-OmpA-ATR2mod using the In-Fusion® HD cloning kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions, to yield the plasmids pCWb-OmpA: ItB4:His-ATR2mod and pCWb-OmpA: ItB24:His-ATR2mod, respectively.

Example 8: TSA2 Complementation of TSA Mutation in Bacteria

The following example describes the complementation of TSA mutation in bacteria by TSA2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) from Isatis tinctoria.

The plasmids pET101-TSA1 and pET101-TSA2 were used as a template for a PCR amplification of TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), using pUC18_TSA1_EcoRI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and pUC18_TSA2_EcoRI_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 36) as forward primers, and pUC18_TSA1_HindIII_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 35) and pUC18_TSA2_HindIII_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 37) as reverse primers. The PCR mixture consisted of 22 μL water, 1 μL of 40 mM dNTP, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL of 10 μM forward primer, 1 μL template, and 25 μL CloneAmp™ HiFi PCR Mix (Clontech). The cycling conditions included 30 cycles of 98° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 10 sec, and 72° C. for 8 sec, followed by 72° C. incubation for 5 minutes. After amplification, PCR products were purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, using the Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega) to recover TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) which are both flanked by 15 nucleotide sequences on either side that overlap the EcoRI and HindIII sites of pUC18. TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) were each cloned into EcoRI/HindIII digested pUC18 using In-Fusion® HD EcoDry™ Cloning kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resulting pUC18-TSA1 and pUC18-TSA2 plasmids were transformed into chemically competent E. coli strain JW1252-1 (a trpA deletion mutant obtained from Coli Genetic Stock Center) and single colony transformants were grown overnight at 37° C. in LB containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Overnight grown cultures were used to prepare glycerol stocks, which were stored in −80° C. until use.

Glycerol stocks of JW1252-1 transformed with either pUC18-TSA1 or pUC18-TSA2 grew on M9 minimal media, while glycerol stocks of untransformed JW1252-1 did not. Untransformed JW1252-1 would grow on M9 minimal media supplemented with tryptophan, as did the JW1252-1 transformed with either pUC18-TSA1 or pUC18-TSA2.

Example 9: TSA and P450 (ItB) Coexpression in Bacteria

The following example describes the heterologous coexpression of woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA genes and ItB genes in bacteria.

TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) were cloned into EcoRI/HindIII digested pK184 using In-Fusion® HD EcoDry™ Cloning kit (Clontech) and transformed into alpha-select gold efficiency chemically competent E. coli cells (Bioline), from which plasmids were prepared to obtain pK184-TSA1 and pK184-TSA2 cells. Each of these plasmids were cotransformed with pCWb-OmpA: ItB4:His-ATR2mod and pCWb-OmpA: ItB24:His-ATR2mod into trnA⁻ E. coli HME5 strain (Wu et al. 2005) to obtain four double transformants (TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1)/coItB4:His (SEQ ID NO: 5), TSA1 (SEQ ID NO: 1)/coItB24:His (SEQ ID NO: 6), TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2)/coItB4:His (SEQ ID NO: 5), and TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2)/coItB24:His (SEQ ID NO: 6)) which were grown in LB containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 100 μg/mL kanamycin.

Example 10: TSA2 and P450 (ItB) Expression in Arabidopsis

The following example describes the transgenic expression of woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and ItB genes in arabidopsis flowers.

Apetala3 (AP3) is a gene that is specifically expressed in petals of arabidopsis, thus its promoter (SEQ ID NO: 46) can be used to drive the expression of TSA and ItB genes in arabidopsis flowers. Other petal-specific promoters that can be used include the promoters of PISTILLATA (P1) (SEQ ID NO: 47), chalcone synthase (CHS) (SEQ ID NO: 48), and Chrsyanthemum morifolium carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4a-5 (CmCCD4a-5) (SEQ ID NO: 49) genes. To express TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) in Arabidopsis petals, TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) preceded by a portion of the AP3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 46), pAP3 (SEQ ID NO: 50), and ItB4 genes (SEQ ID NO: 3) preceded pAP3 (SEQ ID NO: 50) is artificially synthesized and cloned into pUC57 vector (by BioBasic Inc.) to generate the plasmids pUC57-pAP3:TSA2 and pUC57-pAP3:ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 40), respectively. The synthetic constructs pAP3:TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 41) and pAP3:ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 40) are each subcloned into pCAMBIA1300 and pCAMBIA3300, respectively, by first amplifying them by PCR and inserting them into the linearized vectors (digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes) using In-Fusion® Cloning kit (Clontech), to generate the plasmids pCAMBIA1300-pAP3:TSA2 and pCAMBIA3300-pAP3:ItB4. After transformation into E. coli, these plasmids are isolated using a Wizard® Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System (Promega), and sent to the Plant Transformation Research Center at the University California Riverside for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation into Arabidopsis.

There are several protocols for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis, especially for the floral dip method (Clough & Bent 1998; Zhang et al. 2006; Bent 2006; Davis et al. 2009; Logemann et al. 2006). As an example of such a procedure (Bent 2006), the plasmids pCAMBIA1300-pAP3:TSA2 and pCAMBIA3300-pAP3:ItB4 are transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (strain LBA4404 can also be used) by electroporation. A single colony of transformed A. tumefaciens is inoculated into 2.5 mL LB broth overnight at 28° C. with shaking at 200 rpm to yield a starter culture. The starter culture is then diluted 1:100 into a larger volume of LB broth (250 mL) with 100 mg/L kanamycin and grown overnight at 28° C. with shaking at 200 rpm. The next day, the liquid culture is centrifuged at 4000 g for 30 min at room temperature. After discarding the supernatant, the pellet is resuspended in 5% sucrose to achieve an optical density of 0.8 at 600 nm. Silwet L-77 is added to the Agrobacterium to a concentration of ˜0.05% (0.5 mL added to a liter of Agrobacterium suspension).

Arabidopsis flowers are dipped into the Agrobacterium suspension for 2 seconds. The plants are then placed under a clear plastic dome to keep them at high relative humidity until the next day. The plants are grown at 22° C. with 18 hours light (100 ρE/m2/s) and daily watering until siliques start to become yellow. Seeds (T1 generation) are harvested once siliques turn brown. T1 Seeds are sterilized with isopropanol (30 seconds) and then 50% bleach with 0.05% Tween-20 for 5 minutes, and placed on selection medium containing 0.5× Murashige and Skoog (MS) macro- and micronutrients in 0.8% plant tissue culture agar with 25 mg/L hygromycin. Hygromycin-resistant seedlings are transferred to moist soil after one week, which are then sprayed with 100 mg/L phosphinothricin once every 3 days until flowering. The plants are allowed to self-fertilize to generate the second generation (T2). T2 seeds are subjected to the same antibiotic selection and treatment as the T1 seeds to yield hygromycin and phosphinothricin double resistant plants.

Example 11: TSA2 Linked to Beta-Glucosidase and ItB Expression in Arabidopsis

The following example describes the transgenic expression of TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) linked to beta-glucosidase, and ItB genes, ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4), converting indole into indoxyl, which spontaneously form indigo (or indirubin in the presence of isatin). However, plants convert indoxyl into indoxyl glucosides (mainly indican), thus preventing the formation of blue (indigo) and pink (indirubin) pigments. Indican can be hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidases to release indoxyl, which can then form indigo. Thus, it can be useful to coexpress a beta-glucosidase together with TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and ItB genes. A beta-glucosidase from Polygonum tinctorium (PtBG) (SEQ ID NO: 53) can be used for this purpose (Minami et al. 1999). This gene can be linked to woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) via a 2A peptide (SEQ ID NO: 44) to enable bicistronic expression (Donnelly et al. 2001), and cotransformed into a plant with ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) or ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3). Synthetic constructs of pAP3:TSA2-2A-PtBG (SEQ ID NO: 52) can be cloned into pCAMBIA1300, while synthetic pAP3:ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 51) can be cloned into pCAMBIA3300, and then both introduced into Arabidopsis via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as described in Example 10.

Example 12: TSA2 and P450 (ItB) Expression in Roses

The following example describes the transgenic expression of woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and ItB genes in roses.

Because it has been shown that using an enhanced 35S promoter (E35S) (SEQ ID NO: 55) (Mitsuhara et al. 1996) to drive the expression of the viola flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase gene (F3′5′H) to produce the purple pigment delphinidin in petals (Katsumoto et al. 2007), it is presently thought the flower-specific promoters that work in Arabidopsis (AP3, PI, CHS and CmCCD4a-5 promoters) would also drive expression of genes in the petals of roses. More delphinidin can be made when the iris dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene (DFR) is coexpressed with F3′5′H using the E35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 55), with the two genes cloned together in the same vector (pBIN19). In the same manner, TSA2-2A-PtBG and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (or ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3)) preceded by the enhanced 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 55) (E35S:TSA2-2A-PtBG, and E35S:ItB24 or E35S:ItB4) can be cloned into the pBIN19 vector or its derivative pBINPLUS (Engelen et al. 1995) and pBINPLUS/ARS (Belknap et al. 2008). These plasmids can then be transformed into roses by biolistic gene delivery (Marchant 1998) or Agrobacterium mediated transformation, which has been done successfully for different rose cultivars (Korban et al. 2006; Firoozabady et al. 1994; Borissova et al. 2005; Zakizadeh et al. 2013). The Agrobacterium strains that can be used include (but not limited to) AGL0, AGL1, EHA101, GV3101, GV3850 and LBA4404. The rose cultivars that can be used include Royalty, Carefree Beauty, Anny, Saltze Gold, Glad Tidings and Only Love, among others.

Example 13: TSA2-2A-PtBG and P450 (ItB) Expression in Cotton

The following example describes the transgenic expression of woad (Isatis tinctoria) TSA2-2A-PtBG and ItB genes in cotton.

A cotton fiber-specific promoter (LTP3) (SEQ ID NO: 54) (Liu et al. 2000) has been used to drive the coexpression of two melanin biosynthetic genes to produce brown cotton fibers (Xu et al. 2007). In the same manner, TSA2-2A-PtBG and ItB24 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (or ItB4 (SEQ ID NO: 3)) can be transformed into cotton and coexpressed under the control of the LTP3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 54) to produce blue cotton fibers. Synthetic LTP3:TSA2-2A-PtBG and LTP3:ItB24 can be cloned together in a single vector pBIN19 (or its derivatives, pBINPLUS and pBINPLUS/ARS) and transformed into cotton via either Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Umbeck et al. 1987; Firoozabady et al. 1994), particle bombardment (Finer & McMullen 1990), or the pollen tube pathway (Zhou et al. 1983).

Example 14: ItB Overexpression in Woad

The following example describes the overexpression of ItB genes in woad (Isatis tinctoria).

ItB genes can be overexpressed in woad (Isatis tinctoria) to increase the amounts of indigo that the plant can produce. Synthetic E35S:ItB4 or E35S:ItB4 cloned into pCAMBIA3300 can be transformed into woad by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a published method (Xiao et al. 2011). Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 transformed with pCAMBIA-E35S:ItB4 or pCAMBIA-E35S:ItB4 are grown at 28° C. in LB broth supplemented with 100 mg/mL kanamycin. Overnight grown cultures are centrifuged and the bacterial pellet resuspended in 0.5× hormone-free MS liquid medium to obtain a bacterial suspension with a density of 1×10⁹ cells/mL.

Seeds of Isatis tinctoria are sterilized and germinated on 0.5× MS medium to generate bacteria-free seedlings, from which cotyledons and hypocotyls are obtained and cut into 1 cm segments as explants. The explants are immersed in the bacterial suspension for 15 minutes and transferred to 0.5× hormone-free MS agar medium with 0.1 mg/L acetosyringone. After incubation at 25° C. in the dark for three days, the explants are placed on selection medium (MS basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/mL benzyl adenine, 0.5 mg/mL 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 5 mg/mL phosphinothricin and 500 mg/mL cephapirin) and grown at 25° C. under 12 h light/12 hour dark photoperiod. Regenerated green shoots are separated from the explants and transferred to 0.5× MS medium containing 0.2 mg/mL NAA and 500 mg/mL cephapirin for rooting.

Example 15: Coexpression of ItB24 and Isatin Hydrolase (IsH) in Bacteria

The following example describes coexpression of ItB24 and isatin hydrolase (IsH) in bacteria.

Isatin hydrolase (IsH) gene from Pseudomonas putida strain WW2 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,892) with a ribosome binding site (rbs) at the 5′ end was artificially synthesized and cloned into a pUC57 vector by BioBasic Inc. to generate a pUC57-rbs:IsH plasmid. pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-ATR2mod plasmid was linearized using FastDigest XbaI restriction enzyme (Thermo Scientific) at 37° C. for 30 min. The digested vector was purified using Wizard® SV gel and PCR cleanup system (Promega, Wis.). IsH was amplified using IsH_XbaI_rbsFI (SEQ ID NO: 57) (5′-TCA TGG TTA ATC TAG AGA TTA AAG AGG AGA AAT ACT AGA TGA CCA G-3′) and IsH_XbaI_R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 58) (5′-CAA AAT TAT TTC TAG TTA TTC TCG ATC AAA AAT AGC CAG TAC CCG-3′) as forward and reverse primers, respectively, and inserted into the linearized pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-ATR2mod plasmid using In-Fusion® HD Cloning Plus kit (Clontech), to generate pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid. The pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid was transformed into Stellar™ competent cells (Clontech) and plated onto LB agar plates containing ampicillin.

pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid isolated from Stellar cells was transformed into DH5a competent E. coli cells. A single colony grown on LB agar plate containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin was used to inoculate 5 mL LB broth containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and was grown overnight at 37° C. at 225 rpm. 200 μL of overnight grown culture was added to 50 mL half-strength Terrific Broth (1.25 g TB in 50 mL water) containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. When the optical density of the culture reached 0.5 (as measured by a Cary 50 spectrophotometer at 600 nm), isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, 5-aminolevulenic acid hydrochloride and thiamine hydrochloride were added to a final concentration of 1, 0.5, and 1 mM, respectively. The culture was further incubated at 30° C. with shaking at 200 rpm for 48 hrs. After 48 hrs water-insoluble blue precipitates were seen in the broth.

Experimental Protocol: Four 50-mL induced cultures were combined and extracted two times with 200 mL chloroform and the chloroform layer was pooled and concentrated by evaporation with a rotovap, until a blue paste was left behind. This paste was reconstituted in 1.5 mL chloroform, which was loaded onto a silica column eluted with chloroform. 5-mL fractions were collected in glass vials and similarly colored fractions were pooled and dried by centrifugal evaporation using a centrivap. 1 mL of DMF was added to dried fractions and a UV-visible spectra was obtained using a Cary 50 spectrophotometer (Agilent, USA).

For HPLC analysis, pigments were extracted from a 50-mL culture with 75 mL chloroform using a separatory funnel. The chloroform layer was collected and concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator. The blue paste obtained after evaporation was redissolved in 1 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) and transferred to a glass vial. The remaining aqueous layer in the separatory funnel was transferred to a 50 mL centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 4000 g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded and the blue colored pellet was resuspended in 2 mL DMF by sonication for 5 min. The suspended pellet was further centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 min and the supernatant collected in a glass vial. The pellet was again resuspended with another 2 mL DMF, which apparently dissolved all the blue precipitates. This DMF solution was combined with the previous DMF supernatant, which was then used for HPLC analysis, as follows: 5 μL of the combined DMF extract was injected onto a 5 μm C18 Sunfire column (4.6 mm×250 mm) (see e.g., FIG. 21). The column was eluted with a gradient of methanol and water, starting with 50% methanol for 10 min, then increasing to 100 methanol at 30 min, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The elution of pigments were monitored with a UV-visible detector set at 615 nm for indigo, 540 nm for indirubin, and 245 nm for indole, isatin and 3-oxindole (see e.g., FIG. 14A, FIG. 15A).

Four 50-mL E. coli cultures (DH5alpha transformed with pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid) were combined and extracted two times with 200 mL chloroform and the chloroform layer was pooled and concentrated by evaporation with a rotovap, until a blue paste was left behind. This paste was reconstituted in 1.5 mL chloroform, which was loaded onto a silica column eluted with chloroform. 5-mL fractions were collected in glass vials and blue colored fractions were pooled and dried by centrifugal evaporation. 1 mL of DMF was added to dried fractions and a UV-visible spectra was obtained using a Cary 50 spectrophotometer (see e.g., FIG. 14A-FIG. 14B).

Four 50-mL E. coli cultures (DH5alpha transformed with pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid) were combined and extracted two times with 200 ml chloroform and the chloroform layer was pooled and concentrated by evaporation with a rotovap, until a blue paste was left behind. This paste was reconstituted in 1.5 mL chloroform, which was loaded onto a silica column eluted with chloroform. 5-mL fractions were collected in glass vials and pink fractions were pooled and dried by centrifugal evaporation. 1 mL of DMF was added to dried fractions and a UV-visible spectra was obtained using a Cary 50 spectrophotometer (see e.g., FIG. 15A-FIG. 15B).

E. coli DH5alpha transformed with pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod plasmid were grown in different media and found that half-strength TB produces the most indigo (see e.g., FIG. 11). Indigo and indirubin were quantified by HPLC as described above.

E. coli DH5alpha transformed with pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-ATR2mod plasmid produces decreased indigo and increased indirubin, while E. coli DH5alpha transformed with pCWb-OmpA:ItB24-rbs:IsH-ATR2mod produces increased indigo compared to indirubin (see e.g., FIG. 12). This suggests that isatin may have an inhibitory effect on indigo formation.

Coexpression of isatin hydrolase with ItB24 increases indigo while decreasing indirubin formation (see e.g., FIG. 17). It is presently thought that this is because isatin hydrolase converts isatin to isatic acid (see e.g., FIG. 16, FIG. 36). This pathway (see e.g., FIG. 16) shows how isatin hydrolase increases indigo while decreasing indirubin. Isatin is converted to isatic acid so it is no longer available to couple with 3-oxindole to form indirubin. Thus all the remaining 3-oxindole forms only indigo, instead of forming both indigo and indirubin.

In summary, the above example showed the identification of indole hydroxylase in woad and was cloned into E. coli. Indigo and indirubin was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy (see e.g., FIG. 14A, FIG. 15A) and HPLC.

With the help of isatin hydrolase, indigo production was increased and that of indirubin was decreased (see e.g., FIG. 17, FIG. 18).

Example 16: Biosynthetic Pathway

The following example describes the biosynthetic pathway proposed based on the results from isatin hydrolase experiments (see e.g., Example 15) which shows that indirubin formation is dependent on the presence of isatin.

It is presently thought that indigo is derived from indoxyl (a.k.a. 3-hydroxyindole) by oxidative coupling of its tautomer 3-oxindole, while indirubin is derived from the coupling of 3-oxindole with isatin (see e.g., FIG. 19, FIG. 36).

Example 17: Gene Constructs in Onion and Rose

The following example shows the gene construct expressed in an onion cell culture line and rose (results of rose not shown). Similar results were obtained in Rose, but the cells were denser in Rose which resulted in an insufficient image.

The following Example describes the experimental scope of work for indigo gene transformation performed in onion and rose.

Starting point-cDNA in a cloning vector for the following genes:

a. Gene A, the tryptophan synthase A2 (TSA2) gene isolated from woad and capable of making indole when expressed in E. coli.

b. Gene B, a woad gene (named ItB24) encoding a P450 enzyme capable of hydroxylating indole and producing indigo and indirubin when expressed in E. coli.

c. Gene C, the PtBG gene from Polygonum tinctorium (another indigo-producing plant) that encodes a beta-glucosidase that can hydrolyze indican to indoxyl, which is involved in turning colorless indigo precursors to the blue indigo dye.

d. Gene D, the isatin hydrolase (IsH) gene from Pseudomonas putida, which is also known as the “isatin-removing enzyme.” Removal of isatin prevents formation of indirubin, which is a red pigment that can make the indigo dye look purple instead of blue.

Experimental Protocol:

1. Designed and assembled four sequence-verified transcriptional units corresponding to genes A-D including a strong constitutive promoter and suitable terminator sequence

2. Provided transcriptional unit for GFP (control to validate gene insertion and expression)

3. Assembled two sequence-verified gene cassettes containing the following

-   -   a. TU A, TU B, TU GFP     -   b. TU A, TU B, TU GFP, TU C, TU D

4. Transient gene gun bombardment of both cassettes into generic rose petal and onion cell lines. 5 petal bombardments per gene cassette (total of 10 bombardments)

5. Experimental results were documented though imaging of petals and onion cells under fluorescent light and white light.

The experiment showed cells were transformed, which was shown by the successful expression of GFP (see e.g., FIG. 37A-FIG. 37D). No toxicity of the genetic construct was observed within the timeframe of the experiment (16 hours).

It was observed that there was accumulation of blue color between the cells, in the cell walls.

SEQUENCE LISTING Name Sequence TSA1 ATGGCGATTGCTTTCAAATCCGGCGTCTGCTTCCT (SEQ ID CCAATCCGCAAAACCCCAAATCGGAATCCGCCATT NO: 1) CATCCCCTGATTCTTCGCTTTCATTCAAGAGATTG ACTCCCATAGCTGCCCTCTCCACCTCTTCTCCTAC TCTCGGTCTCGCCGATACTTTCAAAGAGCTCAAAA AACAAGGCAAAGTAGCATTCATACCGTACATCACA GCTGGTGATCCAGATCTCTCTACTACTGCAGAAGC ATTGAAAGTTCTTGCCGCTTCTGGGTCAGACATTA TTGAATTGGGTGTTCCTTACTCTGACCCTTTAGCT GATGGACCTGTTATTCAGGCTGCGGCGACAAGGGC TTTGGAGAATGGGACCAACCTTGATAACATCCTTG ACATGTTAGATAAGGTTCTTCCACAAGTATCTTGT GCCAGTTTCGCTGTTCACGTATTACAACCCATTCT TAAACGTGGGTTGGGGAAGTTCATGTCCAGCATCA GAGATGTTGGTGTACAGGGACTTGTGGTTCCAGAT GTTCCTCTTGAGGAAACCGAGATGCTGAGAAAAGA CAGCCCTTAACAACAACATTGAACTGGTCCTACTC ACTAACCAACCACACCAACAGAGCGAATGAAGCGA ATTGTTGATGCATCAGAGGGATTTATTTACCTTGT GAGTTCAATCGGAGTGACTGGTGCACGAGCATCTG TAAGCGGAAAGGTTCAGTCGCTCTTGAAGGATATC AAAGAGGCAACAGACAAGCCAGTGGCGGTCGGTTT TGGAATATCACAGCCCGAGCATGTGAAACAGATAG CTGGTTGGGGAGCTGATGGAGTGATTGTAGGCAGT GCAATGGTGAGGCTTTTGGGAGATGCCAAGTCGCC AACGGAAGGGCTTAAGGAGCTTGAGCGTCTCACAA AGTCTCTCAAATCTGCTCTTCTTTGA TSA2 ATGGATCTTCTCAAGAACCCTCCCACAACGGTGGGTC (SEQ ID TATCAGAGACTTTCGCTAGGTTGAAGTCTAAAGGCAA NO: 2) AGTGGCTCTGATTCCATATATCACAGCTGGTGATCCA GATCTTTCCACAACAGCTAAAGCTCTCAAAGTGCTCG ACTCTTGTGGCTCTGACATTATCGAACTCGGTGTTCC ATACTCTGATCCATTAGCTGATGGTCCAGCAATCCAG CGTGCTGCGAGACGTTCTTTGCTTAAAGGAACTAACT TTAACTCCATTATCACTATGCTTAAAGAGGTTATTCC TCAGTTATCTTGTCCGATTGCATTGTTTACGTATTAC AACCCGATCCTGCGGAGAGGAATCGAGAACTACATGA CTATTATAAAGAATGCTGGAGTTCATGGGCTTCTTGT TCCTGATGTTCCACTCGAAGAGACTGAGACTCTGCGG AAAGGAGCTCAAAAGCATCAGATTGAACTTGTACTGC TGACGACACCCACAACCCCGAAAGAACGGATGAATGC CATTGTTGAAGCATCCCAAGGATTCATCTATCTCGTA AGCTCAGTGGGAGTTACTGGCACGAGAGAGTCTGTTA ACGAACACGTTCAATCCCTTCTACAACAAATCAAAGA GGCTACAAACAAGCCAGTCGCGGTTGGATTTGGCATA TCGAAACCTGAGCATGTGAAACAGGTGGCTGAATGGG GAGCAGACGGAGTCATTGTAGGAAGCGCTATGGTTAA GATATTGGGAGAGGCTGAATCACCTGAGCAAGGACTC AAGGAGCTGGAAGTCTTCACTAAATCTTTAAAGTCTG CTCTTATCTCTTGA ItB4  ATGGTGATTCTTCTGTCTTTTCTCTTGCTTCTATTCA (SEQ ID TTCCCCTACTCTTCTCGTTCATATACACCAACAAGAA NO: 3) CAAAACCTCAAGTAATCTTCCTTCGGGCCCAGCACAA ATTCCGATAATCGGAAACCTACACCAGATCCAGGGAT TGCTTCACAGATGTTTTCACTATCTCTCCAAGAAACA CGGACCTGTGATGCTTCTCCGTCTAGGGTTTGTTCGC GTGGTCGTGATCTCATCAAGTGAAGCGGCTGAAGACG TTCTTAAAATCCATGACCTTGTGTGTTGTACACGACC TGCCACTAAGGCCTCAAGGGTTTTCTCGCGTAATGGT AAAGGCATCGGCTTTGGGGAGTCATGGAGAGACCTGC GTAAGCTTGCGGTTCGTGAGTTTTTCAGCGTGAAAAA GGTTCGATCTTTCAGGTATGTCAGAGAGGAAGAGAAT GAGTCGATGGTCAAGAACCTGAGAGAATCGGCTTTGA AGCAATCTCCGGTGGATTTGAGCAAAACACTTTTCTG CTTAGCTGCGAGTATCATCTTCAGAACCGCCTTCGGA CAGAGTTTCTTCGAGAACAAGCATATCGATAAGGAAA GGATCGAAGGACTCATGTTAGAAGCTCACAGTAACAT GTCTTTCAACTTCACTGATATCTTCCCCGCTGCTGGT TTTGGATCGTTTATGGACTTTGTGTCAGGGAAACATA AGAGACTTCACGATGTCTTCACTGAGGTTGATACTTT TATTAGTCATATCATTGATGATCATCAATTGAAGAGT TTCACACAAGATCGTCCTGATTTCATCGATTCCATAT TAGAAATGATACGTAAACAAGAACAAAATGAATCTTT CAAGCTCACCATTGATAATCTCAAAGGGATCAGCCAA GATATATATCTTGCTGGAGTAGACACAAGCGCCATCA CCATGATTTGGACGATGGCAGAGCTTGTTAGAAACCC TAGAGTGATGAAAACTGTCCAAGACGAGATCAGAAAT TGCATTGGAACCAAACACAAAGAGAGAATCGAGGAAG AAGATCTCAATAAGCTTCAATACTTGAAGCTTGTGGT GAAAGAAAGCTTAAGACTACACCCACCAGCTCCTCTG CTACTCCCCAGAGAAACAATGAGCCAGATCAAGATTC AAGGCTACGACATACCACCAAAAACCGTTGTAATGGT TAATGCTTGGTCGATAGGTCGGGATCCTAAACACTGG GAAGATCCAGAAGAGTTTATCCCGGAGAGGTTTATCA ATTGTCCTGTAGATTACAAAGGACATAGCTTTGAGAT GTTACCATTTGGTTCTGGACGGAGGATCTGCCCAGGA ATGGCTTCAGGGATTGCTACCATTGAATTGGGACTCT TGAATTTGCTTTACTACTTCGATTGGAGATTGCCTGA GGAGAAGAAAGATATGGACATGGAAGAAGCTGGTGGT CTTACTGTTGTTAAGAAAGTTCCTCTTGAGCTTATCC CCATTCTTCGTCAGTGA ItB24  ATGTCGATTATTCTGTATTTCTTTTCGTTTTTGCTTCTC (SEQ ID CCCGCTCTTTTCTCGTTAATTTTAGTGAAGAAAATCAA NO: 4) AGACACGAAACAAAACCTTCCTCCGAGCCCACCAAAG CTTCCGATCATCGGTAACCTACACCAGCTTCGAGGAT TGTTTCACAGATGTCTTCATGATTTGTCCAAGAAACAT GGACCCGTGTTGCTTCTCCGTCTAGGTTTTCTCGAAA TGGTTGTTATCTCCTCAAGCGAAGCAGCTGAAGAAGT TCTCAAAACACATGACCTTGAGTGTTGTACCAGACCG AACACTCACGCCTCATCCATATTCTGGCGTAATGGTAA AGACATTGGCTTTGCCCCATATGGTGAGGGGTGGAAA GAGGTTCGCAAGCTTGCTGTTCTCAATTTTTTCAGCGC GACAAAGGTTCGATCTTTCAGGTACATCAGAGAGGAA GAGAATGATTTGATGGTCAAGCAACTGAAGGAATTAG CTCAAAAGAAGTCTCCAGTGGATTTGAGCCAAACGTT TTTCTGTCTAGCCGGAAGTATCATATTCAGATCTGCCT TTGGACAGCGTTTCTACGAGAACGTTCATGTCGACAA GGAAAGGATCAAAGACCTCATGTTCGAGGCCCAGAGA ATTGGATCTGTAAGTAGCTCTGATATTTTCCCTGGTTT GGGATGGTTTATGGACTTTTTTTCAGGACGACATAGG AGACTTCACCAAGTTTTCGACGAGGTTGATACTTTGCT GAGTCATATAATTGATGATCACTTGAAGAATCCTGACG AAAAAACAAATCAAGATCGCCCTGATATCGTCGACTC CATCTTAAAAACTATGCAAAGTCAAGAAGAAGATGAAT CTTTCAAGTTCACCATTGATCATCTCAAAGGAATCATC CAAGATATATATCTTGCTGGAATAGACACAAGTGCCAT CACCATGATCTGGGCAATGGCAGAGCTCGTTAGAAAC CCTAGAGTGATGAAAAAAGTCCAAGACGAGATCAGAA CTTGCATTGGAATCAAACAAAAGGAGAGAATCGAGGA AGAAGATATCGACAAGCTTCAGTACTTTAAGCTTGTGA TCAAAGAAACCTTAAGACTACACCCAGCATCTCCTATG TTACTCCCAAGAGAAACAATGAGTCAAATCAAGATTCA AGGCTACGACATTCCGCCAAAAACCATTCTACTGGTT AACAGTTGGTCGATAGGTCGAGATCCTAAACACTGGA AAGATCCAGAAGAGTTTATCCCTGAGAGGTTCATCGA TTGTCCTGTAGATTACAAAGGACAGAGCTTTGAGATGT TACCATTTGGTTCTGGACGGAGGGTGTGCCCAGGAAT GGCTTCAGGGCTTGCGACCGTTGAATTGGGACTCTTG AATTTACTTTACTACTTCGATTGGAGTTTGCCTGAGGG GAAGAAAGTTATGGACATGGAAGAAGCTGGTGATGCT ACCATTATTAAGAAATTTCCTCTTGAGCTTCTTCCAAC TCTTCATGGTTAA coltB4: CCTAGGAGGTACCATATGCTGGTTGTAATTCTGCTGT His  CTTTCCTGCTGCTGCTGTTCATTCCACTGCTGTTCTCT (SEQ ID  TTCATCTATACGAACAAAAACAAAACTTCCTCTAACCT NO: 5) GCCGTCTGGCCCTGCGCAGATCCCGATTATCGGCAA CCTGCACCAGATTCAGGGCCTGCTGCATCGCTGCTTC CACTATCTGAGCAAAAAGCACGGCCCGGTGATGCTGC TGCGTCTGGGCTTCGTTCGTGTTGTTGTGATCTCTTCT TCTGAAGCTGCTGAGGACGTGCTGAAGATTCACGATC TGGTGTGTTGCACCCGTCCGGCGACCAAAGCGTCCC GCGTCTTCAGCCGTAACGGCAAAGGCATCGGTTTCG GCGAATCCTGGCGCGAACTGCGTAAACTGGCGGTGC GTGAATTCTTTAGCGTGAAAAAGTTTCGTTCTTTCCGT TACGTTCGTGAGGAAGAATCTGATTTCATGGTTAAGAA CCTGCGCGAGTCCGCTCTGAAACAGTCTCCGGTTGAT CTGTCCAAAACTCTGTTCTGTCTGAGCGCCTCTATCGT CTTTCGTACCGCCTTCGGCCAGAGCTTCTTTGAAAAC AAACACATCGACAAAGAACGTATCGACGGCCTGATGC TGGAAGCACACTCTAATATGTCCTTTACCTTTACGGAC ATTTTCCCGGCGGCGGGTTTTGGCTCTTTCATGGACT TCGTTTCTGGCAAACATAAACGTCTGCACGACGTGTT CACGGAAGTAGACACTTTCATCTCTCACATCATCGAC GACCACCAGCTGAAGTCCTTCACTAAAGATCGTCCAG ACTTCATCGATTCTATTCTGGAAATGATTCGCAAACAA GAGCAAAACGAGTCCTTCAAACTGACTATCGATAACC TGAAAGGTATTAGCCAGGACATCTACCTGGCCGGTGT TGACACCAGCGCAATCACCATGATCTGGACTATGGCA GAACTGGTTCGCAATCCGCGCGTAATGAAAACGGTTC AGGACGAAATTCGCAACTGCATCGGTACCAAACACAA AGAACGCATTGAAGAAGAAGATCTGAACAAACTGCAA TACCTGAAACTGGTGGTCAAAGAATCCCTGCGTCTGC ACCCTCCGGCTCCTCTGCTGCTGCCACGTGAAACCAT GTCCCAGATCAAAATCCAGGGTTATGACATCCCGCCG AAAACCGTCGTTATGGTTAATGCTTGGAGCATCGGTC GCGATCCAAAACATTGGGAGGACCCGGAGGAGTTCA TCCCGGAGCGTTTTATGAACTGCCCGGTGGATTACAA AGGTCACAGCTTTGAAATGCTGCCGTTTGGTTCTGGT CGTCGTATCTGTCCGGGTATGGCATCTGGTATTGCAA CCATCGAACTGGGTCTGCTGAACCTGCTGTACTACTT CGATTGGCGTCTGCCGGAAGAAAAGAAGGATATGGAT ATGGAAGAAGCTGGTGGCCTGACCGTAGTAAAAAAGG TACCGCTGGAACTGATTCCGATCCTGCGTCAGCACCA CCACCATCACCACTAGT coltB24: ATGTCTATTATCCTGTACTTTTTCTCTTTCCTGCTGCT His  GCCGGCTCTGTTCTCTCTGATCCTGGTAAAAAAGATTA (SEQ ID AAGACACCAAACAGAACCTGCCGCCGAGCCCGCCGAA NO: 6) ACTGCCTATCATCGGCAACCTGCACCAACTGCGTGGT CTGTTTCACCGCTGTCTGCACGACCTGTCTAAGAAAC ATGGCCCGGTTCTGCTGCTGCGCCTGGGTTTTCTGGA AATGGTTGTCATCTCTAGCTCCGAAGCTGCCGAAGAG GTTCTGAAAACCCATGATCTGGAATGCTGCACTCGTC CGAACACCCACGCGAGCAGCATTTTTTGGCGTAACGG CAAGGATATTGGCTTCGCTCCGTACGGCGAAGGCTG GAAAGAAGTGCGCAAACTGGCGGTGCTGAACTTCTTT TCTGCTACCAAAGTGCGTTCTTTCCGCTACATCCGTG AGGAAGAAAACGACCTGATGGTTAAACAGCTGAAAGA ACTGGCACAGAAGAAATCTCCGGTCGATCTGAGCCAA ACGTTCTTCTGCCTGGCGGGCAGCATTATTTTCCGTA GCGCATTTGGTCAGCGTTTCTACGAGAACGTTCACGT GGACAAAGAGCGTATCAAAGACCTGATGTTTGAAGCT CAACGTATTGGCTCCGTAAGCTCTTCCGATATCTTCCC TGGCCTGGGTTGGTTCATGGACTTCTTCAGCGGTCGC CACCGTCGTCTGCACCAGGTTTTTGACGAAGTAGATA CTCTGCTGTCCCACATCATTGATGATCACCTGAAAAAC CCGGACGAGAAAACTAACCAGGATCGCCCGGATATC GTAGACTCCATCCTGAAAACTATGCAGTCCCAGGAAG AAGATGAGTCCTTCAAATTCACCATCGACCACCTGAAA GGTATTATCCAGGACATTTATCTGGCAGGTATCGACA CCTCCGCAATTACCATGATTTGGGCAATGGCCGAACT GGTTCGCAATCCACGTGTCATGAAAAAGGTTCAGGAC GAAATCCGTACTTGTATCGGCATCAAACAGAAAGAAC GTATCGAAGAGGAAGACATCGATAAACTGCAGTATTT CAAACTGGTGATCAAAGAAACCCTGCGCCTGCACCCT GCGTCCCCGATGCTGCTGCCACGTGAAACGATGTCTC AGATTAAAATCCAGGGTTACGACATCCCGCCGAAGAC CATCCTGCTGGTGAATAGCTGGTCCATTGGTCGTGAC CCGAAACACTGGAAAGATCCGGAAGAGTTCATCCCGG AACGTTTTATCGATTGTCCGGTTGATTATAAAGGTCAG AGCTTCGAGATGCTGCCATTCGGTTCTGGTCGTCGCG TTTGCCCAGGTATGGCCTCTGGTCTGGCGACTGTAGA ACTGGGCCTGCTGAACCTGCTGTATTACTTCGATTGG TCCCTGCCGGAAGGTAAAAAGGTGATGGACATGGAA GAAGCTGGCGACGCGACCATCATCAAGAAATTCCCGC TGGAACTGCTGCCAACGCTCCATGGTCACCACCACCA TCACCACTAGT ompA: CATATGAAAAAGACAGCTATCGCGATTGCAGTGGCAC T13H: His TGGCTGGTTTCGCTACCGTAGCGCAGGCCGCTCCGA (SEQ ID TGCTAGCGGTGATGGCCGGTATTATTCTGTTCTTCCG NO: 7) TTCCAAACGTCATTCCTCTGTTAAACTGCCGCCGGGT AACCTGGGTTTCCCACTGGTAGGTGAAACGCTGCAGT TCGTACGCAGCCTGGGTTCCTCCACTCCGCAGCAGTT CATCGAGGAACGCATGTCCAAATTCGGCGACGTATTC AAAACTAGCATCATTGGTCACCCGACCGTTGTTCTGT GTGGCCCGGCAGGCAACCGTCTGGTGCTGAGCAATG AAAACAAACTGGTACAGATGTCTTGGCCGTCTTCCAT GATGAAGCTGATCGGCGAGGATTGCCTGGGCGGCAA AACGGGTGAACAACACCGTATTGTTCGTGCTGCACTG ACTCGCTTCCTGGGTCCTCAGGCACTGCAAAATCACT TCGCAAAGATGTCCTCTGGCATTCAACGTCACATCAA CGAGAAATGGAAGGGTAAAGACGAAGCCACCGTGCT GCCGCTGGTTAAAGACCTGGTGTTCTCTGTTGCATCT CGTCTGTTCTTTGGTATCACCGAAGAACACCTGCAGG AGCAACTGCATAACCTGCTGGAGGTGATCCTGGTTGG TTCTTTCTCTGTGCCGCTGAACATTCCGGGTTTCTCCT ATCACAAAGCTATCCAGGCGCGTGCTACCCTGGCCGA CATTATGACCCACCTGATCGAAAAACGTCGTAACGAA CTGCGTGCGGGCACCGCCTCTGAAAACCAGGACCTG CTGTCCGTTCTGCTGACTTTTACGGATGAACGTGGCA ATTCTCTGGCGGATAAAGAAATTCTGGACAACTTCTCT ATGCTGCTGCATGGTAGCTATGATAGCACCAACTCCC CGCTGACTATGCTGATCAAAGTGCTGGCGAGCCACCC GGAATCTTACGAAAAAGTGGCTCAGGAACAGTTCGGT ATCCTGAGCACCAAGATGGAAGGCGAAGAGATCGCG TGGAAAGATCTGAAGGAAATGAAATACAGCTGGCAGG TTGTCCAGGAAACCCTGCGCATGTACCCACCGATTTT TGGTACCTTCCGTAAAGCTATCACCGACATCCACTATA ACGGCTACACGATCCCGAAAGGCTGGAAACTGCTGT GGACTACTTATTCTACCCAGACCAAGGAAGAGTACTT CAAAGATGCGGATCAGTTTAAACCGTCCCGCTTCGAA GAAGAAGGCAAACATGTCACCCCGTACACCTACCTGC CGTTTGGCGGTGGTATGCGCGTTTGCCCAGGTTGGG AGTTTGCGAAAATGGAAACTCTGCTGTTCCTGCACCA TTTCGTAAAAGCGTTTTCTGGTCTGAAAGCGATCGAC CCTAACGAAAAACTGTCCGGCAAACCGCTGCCTCCGC TGCCGGTTAACGGTCTGCCGATCAAACTGTACAGCCG CTCTCACCACCACCATCACCACTAGT Oligo_dT24  GCT GTC AAC GAT ACG CTA CGT AAC GGC (SEQ ID ATG ACA GTG TTT TTT TTT TTT TTT TTT NO: 8) TTT TTT GR_3′ GCT GTC AAC GAT ACG CTA CGT AAC G primer  (SEQ ID NO: 9) ItB4_ CAG TAT CTC CAA GAA AAC GGA GCA 5utr_F1  (SEQ ID NO: 10) ItB24_ GGT ACA GAG GCC TTT AAG TAT CTC T 5utr_F1  (SEQ ID NO: 11) ItB4_ CAC CAT GGT GAT TCT TCT GTC TTT TCT F1cacc  CTT GC (SEQ ID NO: 12) ItB24_ CAC CAT GTC GAT TAT TCT GTA TTT CTT F1cacc  TTC GTT T (SEQ ID NO: 13) ItB4_ TCA CTG ACG AAG AAT GGG GAT AAG CTC R1stp  (SEQ ID  NO: 14) ItB24_  TAA CCA TGA AGA GTT GGA AGA AGC TCA R1stp (SEQ ID NO: 15) OmpA_ItB4_ CCG CTC CGA TGC TAG TGG TGA TTC TTC NheI_F1 TGT CTT TTC TCT TGC T (SEQ ID  NO: 16) pCWB_ItB4_ AAA ATT ATT TCT AGA TCA CTG ACG AAG XbaI_R1stp AAT GGG GAT AAG C (SEQ ID  NO: 17) OmpA_ CCG CTC CGA TGC TAG TGT CGA TTA TTC ItB24_ TGT ATT TCT TTT CGT TT NheI_F1 (SEQ ID  NO: 18) pCWB_ AAA ATT ATT TCT AGA TTA ACC ATG AAG ItB24_ AGT TGG AAG AAG CTC A XbaI_R1st p (SEQ ID  NO: 19) pCWb_AtR2_ GGA GAT ATA ACC ATG CGT CGC TCC GGT F1coR TCT GGG AAT (SEQ ID  NO: 20) pCWb_AtR2_ TAT CAT CGA TAA GCT TTA CCA TAC ATC R1stp TCT AAG ATA TCT TCC ACT G (SEQ ID  NO: 21) pCWb_OmpA_ GCT TAG GAG GTC ATC ATA TGA AAA AGA Nde_F1 CAG CTA TCG CGA TTG C (SEQ ID NO: 22) pCWb_His_ AAA ATT ATT TCT AGA CTA GTG GTG ATG XbaI_R1 GTG GTG GT (SEQ ID  NO: 23) pCWb_ AGC TTA TCG ATG ATA AGC TGT CAA ACA vector_F1  (SEQ ID NO: 24) pCWb_ AGC CAT ATT TAT ATC TCC TTC TTA AAG vector_R1  TTA AAC AA (SEQ ID  NO: 25) TSA1_5utr_  GCA GTC TCC ATA GCT TCT TAC AAT F1 (SEQ ID NO: 26) TSA1_cacc_  CAC CAT GGC GAT TGC TTT CAA ATC C F1 (SEQ ID NO: 27) TSA1_stp_ TCA AAG AAG AGC AGA TTT GAG AGA C R1  (SEQ ID NO: 28) TSA2_5utr_  CGC TAG TGA CCA ACA TTC ATT TTC T F1 (SEQ ID NO: 29) TSA2_cacc_ CAC CAT GGA TCT TCT CAA GAA CCC TCC C F1  (SEQ ID NO: 30) TSA2_stp_  TCA AGA GAT AAG AGC AGA CTT TAA AGA R1 (SEQ ID NO: 31) OmpA_ CCG CTC CGA TGC TAG TGC TGG TTG TAA coltB4_ TTC TGC TGT CTT TC NheI_F1 (SEQ ID  NO: 32) OmpA_ CCG CTC CGA TGC TAG TGT CTA TTA TCC coltB24_ TGT ACT TTT TCT CTT TCC TG NheI_F1 (SEQ ID  NO: 33) pUC18_ CCA TGA TTA CGA ATT CCA TGG CGA TTG TSA1_ CTT TCA AAT CC EcoRI_F1 (SEQ ID  NO: 34) pUC18_ GGC CAG TGC CAA GCT TTC AAA GAA GAG TSA1_ CAG ATT TGA GAG AC HindIII_ R1stp  (SEQ ID  NO: 35) pUC18_ CCA TGA TTA CGA ATT CCA TGG ATC TTC TSA2_ TCA AGA ACC CTC CC EcoRI_F1 (SEQ ID  NO: 36) pUC18_ GGC CAG TGC CAA GCT TTC AAG AGA TAA TSA2_ GAG CAG ACT TTA AAG A HindIII_ R1stp  (SEQ ID  NO: 37) (Barnes, 1996) CYP2A6  ATGCTGGCCTCAGGGATGCTTCTGGTGGCCTTGCTG (SEQ ID GTCTGCCTGACTGTAATGGTCTTGATGTCTGTTT NO: 38) GGCAGCAGAGGAAGAGCAAGGGGAAGCTGCCTCCG (NCBI GGACCCACCCCATTGCCCTTCATTGGAAACTACCT Reference GCAGCTGAACACAGAGCAGATGTACAACTCCCTCATG Sequence: AAGATCAGTGAGCGCTATGGCCCCGTGTTCACC NM_ ATTCACTTGGGGCCCCGGCGGGTCGTGGTGCTGTGT 000762.5) GGACATGATGCCGTCAGGGAGGCTCTGGTGGACC AGGCTGAGGAGTTCAGCGGGCGAGGCGAGCAAGCCA CCTTCGACTGGGTCTTCAAAGGCTATGGCGTGGT ATTCAGCAACGGGGAGCGCGCCAAGCAGCTCCGGCG CTTCTCCATCGCCACCCTGCGGGACTTCGGGGTG GGCAAGCGAGGCATCGAGGAGCGCATCCAGGAGGA GGCGGGCTTCCTCATCGACGCCCTCCGGGGCACTG GCGGCGCCAATATCGATCCCACCTTCTTCCTGAGCCG CACAGTCTCCAATGTCATCAGCTCCATTGTCTT TGGGGACCGCTTTGACTATAAGGACAAAGAGTTCCTG TCACTGTTGCGCATGATGCTAGGAATCTTCCAG TTCACGTCAACCTCCACGGGGCAGCTCTATGAGATGT TCTCTTCGGTGATGAAACACCTGCCAGGACCAC AGCAACAGGCCTTTCAGTTGCTGCAAGGGCTGGAGG ACTTCATAGCCAAGAAGGTGGAGCACAACCAGCG CACGCTGGATCCCAATTCCCCACGGGACTTCATTGAC TCCTTTCTCATCCGCATGCAGGAGGAGGAGAAG AACCCCAACACGGAGTTCTACTTGAAAAACCTGGTGA TGACCACGTTGAACCTCTTCATTGGGGGCACCG AGACCGTCAGCACCACCCTGCGCTATGGCTTCTTGCT GCTCATGAAGCACCCAGAGGTGGAGGCCAAGGT CCATGAGGAGATTGACAGAGTGATCGGCAAGAACCG GCAGCCCAAGTTTGAGGACCGGGCCAAGATGCCC TACATGGAGGCAGTGATCCACGAGATCCAAAGATTTG GAGACGTGATCCCCATGAGTTTGGCCCGCAGAG TCAAAAAGGACACCAAGTTTCGGGATTTCTTCCTCCCT AAGGGCACCGAAGTGTACCCTATGCTGGGCTC TGTGCTGAGAGACCCCAGTTTCTTCTCCAACCCCCAG GACTTCAATCCCCAGCACTTCCTGAATGAGAAG GGGCAGTTTAAGAAGAGTGATGCTTTTGTGCCCTTTT CCATCGGAAAGCGGAACTGTTTCGGAGAAGGCC TGGCCAGAATGGAGCTCTTTCTCTTCTTCACCACCGT CATGCAGAACTTCCGCCTCAAGTCCTCCCAGTC ACCTAAGGACATTGACGTGTCCCCCAAACACGTGGGC TTTGCCACGATCCCACGAAACTACACCATGAGC TTCCTGCCCCGCTGA hNPR  ATGATCAACATGGGAGACTCCCACGTGGACACCAGCT (SEQ ID CCACCGTGTCCGAGGCGGTGGCCGAAGAAGTAT NO: 39) CTCTTTTCAGCATGACGGACATGATTCTGTTTTCGCTC (NCBI  ATCGTGGGTCTCCTAACCTACTGGTTCCTCTT Reference CAGAAAGAAAAAAGAAGAAGTCCCCGAGTTCACCAAA Sequence: ATTCAGACATTGACCTCCTCTGTCAGAGAGAGC NM_ AGCTTTGTGGAAAAGATGAAGAAAACGGGGAGGAACA 000941.2) TCATCGTGTTCTACGGCTCCCAGACGGGGACTG CAGAGGAGTTTGCCAACCGCCTGTCCAAGGACGCCC ACCGCTACGGGATGCGAGGCATGTCAGCGGACCC TGAGGAGTATGACCTGGCCGACCTGAGCAGCCTGCC AGAGATCGACAACGCCCTGGTGGTTTTCTGCATG GCCACCTACGGTGAGGGAGACCCCACCGACAATGCC CAGGACTTCTACGACTGGCTGCAGGAGACAGACG TGGATCTCTCTGGGGTCAAGTTCGCGGTGTTTGGTCT TGGGAACAAGACCTACGAGCACTTCAATGCCAT GGGCAAGTACGTGGACAAGCGGCTGGAGCAGCTCGG CGCCCAGCGCATCTTTGAGCTGGGGTTGGGCGAC GACGATGGGAACTTGGAGGAGGACTTCATCACCTGG CGAGAGCAGTTCTGGCCGGCCGTGTGTGAACACT TTGGGGTGGAAGCCACTGGCGAGGAGTCCAGCATTC GCCAGTACGAGCTTGTGGTCCACACCGACATAGA TGCGGCCAAGGTGTACATGGGGGAGATGGGCCGGCT GAAGAGCTACGAGAACCAGAAGCCCCCCTTTGAT GCCAAGAATCCGTTCCTGGCTGCAGTCACCACCAACC GGAAGCTGAACCAGGGAACCGAGCGCCACCTCA TGCACCTGGAATTGGACATCTCGGACTCCAAAATCAG GTATGAATCTGGGGACCACGTGGCTGTGTACCC AGCCAACGACTCTGCTCTCGTCAACCAGCTGGGCAAA ATCCTGGGTGCCGACCTGGACGTCGTCATGTCC CTGAACAACCTGGATGAGGAGTCCAACAAGAAGCACC CATTCCCGTGCCCTACGTCCTACCGCACGGCCC TCACCTACTACCTGGACATCACCAACCCGCCGCGTAC CAACGTGCTGTACGAGCTGGCGCAGTACGCCTC GGAGCCCTCGGAGCAGGAGCTGCTGCGCAAGATGGC CTCCTCCTCCGGCGAGGGCAAGGAGCTGTACCTG AGCTGGGTGGTGGAGGCCCGGAGGCACATCCTGGCC ATCCTGCAGGACTGCCCGTCCCTGCGGCCCCCCA TCGACCACCTGTGTGAGCTGCTGCCGCGCCTGCAGG CCCGCTACTACTCCATCGCCTCATCCTCCAAGGT CCACCCCAACTCTGTGCACATCTGTGCGGTGGTTGTG GAGTACGAGACCAAGGCTGGCCGCATCAACAAG GGCGTGGCCACCAACTGGCTGCGGGCCAAGGAGCCT GCCGGGGAGAACGGCGGCCGTGCGCTGGTGCCCA TGTTCGTGCGCAAGTCCCAGTTCCGCCTGCCCTTCAA GGCCACCACGCCTGTCATCATGGTGGGCCCCGG CACCGGGGTGGCACCCTTCATAGGCTTCATCCAGGA GCGGGCCTGGCTGCGACAGCAGGGCAAGGAGGTG GGGGAGACGCTGCTGTACTACGGCTGCCGCCGCTCG GATGAGGACTACCTGTACCGGGAGGAGCTGGCGC AGTTCCACAGGGACGGTGCGCTCACCCAGCTCAACG TGGCCTTCTCCCGGGAGCAGTCCCACAAGGTCTA CGTCCAGCACCTGCTAAAGCAAGACCGAGAGCACCT GTGGAAGTTGATCGAAGGCGGTGCCCACATCTAC GTCTGTGGGGATGCACGGAACATGGCCAGGGATGTG CAGAACACCTTCTACGACATCGTGGCTGAGCTCG GGGCCATGGAGCACGCGCAGGCGGTGGACTACATCA AGAAACTGATGACCAAGGGCCGCTACTCCCTGGA CGTGTGGAGCTAG pAP3:ItB4 GTCCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAAGCAG (SEQ ID  TGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGT NO: 40) TGATTTAAACAGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCAGTTTA CATAAATGGAAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCA TCAACTTCTGAACTTACCTTTCATGGATTAGGCAATAC TTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCAAGTGGACCCTTT ACTTCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTTCTATTTCACTTCT TTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCAC CAAATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGAGAAG AATATGGTGATTCTTCTGTCTTTTCTCTTGCT TCTATTCATTCCCCTACTCTTCTCGTTCATATACACCAA CAAGAACAAAACCTCAAGTAATCTTCCTTCG GGCCCAGCACAAATTCCGATAATCGGAAACCTACACC AGATCCAGGGATTGCTTCACAGATGTTTTCACT ATCTCTCCAAGAAACACGGACCTGTGATGCTTCTCCG TCTAGGGTTTGTTCGCGTGGTCGTGATCTCATC AAGTGAAGCGGCTGAAGACGTTCTTAAAATCCATGAC CTTGTGTGTTGTACACGACCTGCCACTAAGGCC TCAAGGGTTTTCTCGCGTAATGGTAAAGGCATCGGCT TTGGGGAGTCATGGAGAGACCTGCGTAAGCTTG CGGTTCGTGAGTTTTTCAGCGTGAAAAAGGTTCGATC TTTCAGGTATGTCAGAGAGGAAGAGAATGAGTC GATGGTCAAGAACCTGAGAGAATCGGCTTTGAAGCAA TCTCCGGTGGATTTGAGCAAAACACTTTTCTGC TTAGCTGCGAGTATCATCTTCAGAACCGCCTTCGGAC AGAGTTTCTTCGAGAACAAGCATATCGATAAGG AAAGGATCGAAGGACTCATGTTAGAAGCTCACAGTAA CATGTCTTTCAACTTCACTGATATCTTCCCCGC TGCTGGTTTTGGATCGTTTATGGACTTTGTGTCAGGG AAACATAAGAGACTTCACGATGTCTTCACTGAG GTTGATACTTTTATTAGTCATATCATTGATGATCATCAA TTGAAGAGTTTCACACAAGATCGTCCTGATT TCATCGATTCCATATTAGAAATGATACGTAAACAAGAA CAAAATGAATCTTTCAAGCTCACCATTGATAA TCTCAAAGGGATCAGCCAAGATATATATCTTGCTGGA GTAGACACAAGCGCCATCACCATGATTTGGACG ATGGCAGAGCTTGTTAGAAACCCTAGAGTGATGAAAA CTGTCCAAGACGAGATCAGAAATTGCATTGGAA CCAAACACAAAGAGAGAATCGAGGAAGAAGATCTCAA TAAGCTTCAATACTTGAAGCTTGTGGTGAAAGA AAGCTTAAGACTACACCCACCAGCTCCTCTGCTACTC CCCAGAGAAACAATGAGCCAGATCAAGATTCAA GGCTACGACATACCACCAAAAACCGTTGTAATGGTTA ATGCTTGGTCGATAGGTCGGGATCCTAAACACT GGGAAGATCCAGAAGAGTTTATCCCGGAGAGGTTTAT CAATTGTCCTGTAGATTACAAAGGACATAGCTT TGAGATGTTACCATTTGGTTCTGGACGGAGGATCTGC CCAGGAATGGCTTCAGGGATTGCTACCATTGAA TTGGGACTCTTGAATTTGCTTTACTACTTCGATTGGAG ATTGCCTGAGGAGAAGAAAGATATGGACATGG AAGAAGCTGGTGGTCTTACTGTTGTTAAGAAAGTTCCT CTTGAGCTTATCCCCATTCTTCGTCAGTGA pAP3:TSA2 GTCCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAAGCAG (SEQ ID TGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGT NO: 41) TGATTTAAACAGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCAGTTTA CATAAATGGAAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCA TCAACTTCTGAACTTACCTTTCATGGATTAGGCAATAC TTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCAAGTGGACCCTTT ACTTCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTTCTATTTCACTTCT TTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCAC CAAATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGAGAAG AATATGGATCTTCTCAAGAACCCTCCCACAAC GGTGGGTCTATCAGAGACTTTCGCTAGGTTGAAGTCT AAAGGCAAAGTGGCTCTGATTCCATATATCACA GCTGGTGATCCAGATCTTTCCACAACAGCTAAAGCTC TCAAAGTGCTCGACTCTTGTGGCTCTGACATTA TCGAACTCGGTGTTCCATACTCTGATCCATTAGCTGAT GGTCCAGCAATCCAGGCTGCTGCGAGACGTTC TTTGCTTAAAGGAACTAACTTTAACTCCATTATCACTAT GCTTAAAGAGGTTATTCCTCAGTTATCTTGT CCGATTGCATTGTTTACGTATTACAACCCGATCCTGCG GAGAGGAATCGAGAACTACATGACTATTATAA AGAATGCTGGAGTTCATGGGCTTCTTGTTCCTGATGTT CCACTCGAAGAGACTGAGACTCTGCGGAAGGA AGCTCAAAAGCATCAGATTGAACTTGTACTGCTGACG ACACCCACAACCCCGAAAGAACGGATGAATGCC ATTGTTGAAGCATCCCAAGGATTCATCTATCTCGTAAG CTCAGTGGGAGTTACTGGCACGAGAGAGTCTG TTAACGAACACGTTCAATCCCTTCTACAACAAATCAAA GAGGCTACAAACAAGCCAGTCGCGGTTGGATT TGGCATATCGAAACCTGAGCATGTGAAACAGGTGGCT GAATGGGGAGCAGACGGAGTCATTGTAGGAAGC GCTATGGTTAAGATATTGGGAGAGGCTGAATCACCTG AGCAAGGACTCAAGGAGCTGGAAGTCTTCACTA AATCTTTAAAGTCTGCTCTTATCTCTTGA ompA  MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQAAP leader  sequence (SEQ ID  NO: 42) CYP17 MALLLAVF modified  N- terminal leader sequence (SEQ ID  NO: 43) 2A  LLNFDLLKLAGDVESNPGP peptide (SEQ ID  NO: 44) CYP17A  ATGTGGGAATTGGTGACCTTGCTGGGGCTCATCCTAG (SEQ ID CTTATCTCTTTTGGCCCAGACAAGGGTCTTCTG NO: 45) GTACCAAGTACCCAAAGAGCCTCCCCTCTCTGCCCGT (GenBank: CGTGGGCAGCCTGCCATTCCTTCCCAAAAGCGG S75277.1) CCACATGCACGTGAACTTTTTCAAACTGCAGAAGAAAT ATGGGTCCATCTATTCCTTTCGTCTGGGCTCC ACAACTACAGTGGTCATTGGCCACCACCAGCTGGCCA GGGAGTTGCTTATCAAGAAGGGAAAGGAATTCT CTGGACGGCCCCTGACGACCACTGTGGCCCTCCTGT CAGACAATGGGAAGGGCATTGCTTTTGCTGACTC CAGTGCCACTTGGCAGCTGCACCGGAGGCTGGTCCT GAGCTCCTTTTCCCTGTTCAGGGATGGTGAGCAG AAGCTGGAGAACATCATCTGTCAAGAACTCAGTGCCC TGTGTGATTTTCTGGCCACCTGTGATGGACAGG TCAAGGATTTATCTTCGTCAATCTTCATGACGGTAGTC AACATCATCTGCATGATCTGCTTCAGTGTCTC ATACAAGGAGGGGGACATGGAGTTGGTGACCATAAG GCGCTTCACAACAGGCTTCGTGAATAGCCTGAGT GATGACAATCTCGTGGACATATTCCCCTGGCTGAAGA TCTTCCCCAATAAAACCCTGGAAATGATAAGGA AGTATACTGAAATCCGAGGAGCCATGCTGAGTAAGAT CCTGAAAGAGTGCAAGGAGAAGTTCAGAAGTGA CTCTGTCTCCAACCTAATAGACCTGCTCATCCAAGCC AAGGTGAATGAAAACAACAACAATTCCAGCTTG GACCAGGACTCCAATCTGTTTTCAGATAAGCACATTCT CACCACCTTAGGAGACATCTTTGGGGCTGGTG TGGAGACCTCCAGCTCCGTGGTGCTCTGGGTCATAG CCTTCCTGCTGCACAACCCACAGGTGAAGAAGAA GATCCAGGAGGAGATTGACCACAATGTGGGTTTCAGC CGCACGCCCACCTTCAGTGACCGGAACCACCTG CTCATGCTGGAGGCCACCATCCGAGAGGTCCTCCGC ATCAGGCCGGTGGCCCCCATCCTCATCCCTCACA AGGCTAACACTGACTCCAGCATTGGAGAGTTTGCCAT TGACAAGGACACCAATGTGCTTGTCAACTTGTG GGCCTTGCATCACAATGAGCAGGAGTGGGACCGGCC GGACCAGTTCATGCCTGAGCGCTTCCTGGACCCA ACAGGGAGCCAAATCATCGTCCCCTCCTCGAGCTACT TGCCCTTTGGAGCTGGGCCCCGCTCCTGTGTAG GTGAGGCACTGGCGCGCCAGGAGATCTTCCTCATCA CAGCCTGGTTGCTGCAGAAGTTTGACCTAGAGGT GCCAGAGGGTGGGCAGCTTCCGTCCCTGGAGGGCAT CCCCAAGATAGTTTTCCTCATCGATCCTTTCAAA GTGAAGATCACAGTGCGCCCGGCCTGGAAGGAAGCT CAGGCCGAGGGCAGCGCCTAG AP3  AAGCTTCTTAAGAATTATAGTAGCACTTGTTGATATCG promoter GGGTTCTTTTTTCTTAACATAGGTTTTGGTGG (SEQ ID GTAGATCAACAGAAGACCTCGCTGTGGACATTGATTT NO: 46) GGGAAGAGAAAAGCGGGGTAGCAAAATATCTCG ACGACAGGTCGGTCAATAGTAGATACTTCTATTTGTAT TTTAGGTCTTTAAGTTGTATGAGAAGCAGCAG CCCAGGATCTGTAATGGTTGTTGTGTATGTTTTTTTCC TTTTTGGGTTACTGAATGCAGGCGATCATACG GCTGGGTGATGACGGTTCGTTTCATATAAAAAACCCT GGGGAAGTATTCAATCTCAGTAAATGAGAAGGA AGTAGATCCTGGACAGAGTTTAATCCTCAAATCCGATT GTCTAGTTGAGGTTTGATCCGGGATACTCTTT TATGACTCATTACTTACGTTCTAGGTCCGTACTTAAAC CCGATATATCGTGCGCGCAGATACGGGGAATG CCTTTTATATTTGAAACAAACCAAAGTTGCATGCAAGA GTACCTGAAGAGAAGAGGGAAAGTGAACTGAG ACCAGATCAAGAGTGCGTGTTGTTTGTGTAGATGAAT GATGCATCTCTTGTGTAATGTACCTTAGCCATA GGAACACGTCTTGTAGATCTTTTAATACATCTTTAGTT CCGCATCATGCATAGTTGACCCTGTTTTAAGG CGTTGAAATGAAAATACAAGTCTCTTGTATCTGAATTT GTGTTTTAAGCGAAGAATGATTGTTCTTGTGA AGTTGATACACAAGTTCTTTGGATATCCTATCAGTATA AAGGATAGGTTTCCATTTTCGTGACTCACTCA CTGATTTCCATTGCTGAAAATTGATGATGAACTAAGAT CAATCCATGTAGTTCAAACAACAGTAACTGTG CCACTAGTTTGAACAACACTAACTGGTCGAGCAAAAG AAAAAGAGTTCATCATATATCTGATTTGATGGA CTGTTTGGAGTTAGGACCAAACATTATCTACAAACAAA GACTTTTCTCCTAACTTGTGATTCCTTCTTAA ACCCTAGGGGTAATATTCTATTTTCCAAGGATCTTTAG TTAAAGGCAAATCCGGGAAATTATTGTAATCA TTTGGGGCCACATATAAAAGATTTGAGTTAGATGGAA GTGACGATTAATCCAAACATATATATCTCTTTC TTCTTATTTCCCAAATTAACAGACAAAAGTAGAATATTG GCTTTTAACACCAATATAAAAACTTGCTTCA CACCTAAACACTTTTGTTTACTTTAGGGTAAGTGCAAA AAGCCAACCAAATCCACCTGCACTGATTTGAC GTTTACAAACGCCGTTAAGTTTGTCACCGTCTAAACAA AAACAAAGTAGAAGCTAACGGAGCTCCGTTAA TAAATTGACGAAAAGCAAACCAAGTTTTTAGCTTTGGT CCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAA GCAGTGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGTTG ATTTAAACAGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCA GTTTACATAAATGGAAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCATCA ACTTCTGAACTTACCTTTCATGGATTAGGCA ATACTTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCAAGTGGACCCTTTACT TCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTTCTATTTCA CTTCTTTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCACCAA ATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGA GAAGAATATG PI TCACACTCGAAACCTAGTTATGTGTTTGTTTTACCTTA promoter  CTCTCCTTATTTAAATAGTCATGTATTTGATT (SEQ ID CTTTGTGAGAATAAGGACTTGTTTTCAAGTCATTATAA NO: 47)  ACGTCTTATACTTGTGATTAGTATGAGTTTCA (GenBank: ATATATGATTATTCGGTTGCAAAATAAAGAGTGGGTTC AFI CAATATCATTGATATTACTACTATATATTACC 98055.1) ATATTTCATGGAAATTAGTCATCTTCGTGATCCAATTT GTCTCGTTTTCATGTATAATTAGACAAAATTT GCCTTCTCAATATTTTCGATCAAAGAATGCTAAACAAG TAAACATGACCTGATAGTGATCCGAAGTTAGA ATAATATTAAAAAGACATAGGTTATTTACTAATTCAATA TACCAACAATATCCTATTTTTTTTTTGTCAA TCAAACTCCATATATTAATTCACGGAAAACGACTCTTT TCTAGAGAAAGCAAATTAGATACCGTCGAACT TACATGAGAAAAACAGAATCCGCGAACTCTTGCACAT ATGGTATTTTTGTTTCAGTGGATACGTTTCTCA CCTGAATTCACGACTTTTTTTGTGGAGATTTGTAATCT CTGGCTTTATAGTTAATAATCGAGAAAATGCC AAAAAGTATGCCCGTACTAAGTACAAAACATAAGACCA CAAAATTCCACAATAAATTGACACGTGTCTGA TCGACGTGAATCAAGAAAACCATAAACTTGTTTTGTTT TCAACAACCAAAGACATTTTCCCCATAAAAAT GTAAGCATGATAAAGTCTAATGGTTATACCAAGGTCTT TGGTAATTACACTGCTCCTTTTTCTTTTTTTT TNTCTTTTTTTTTTCTTTTTTCTAAACCATCTGAATTT AACTTTATTTTATTTACTTCATTTGTCAATGT GATATCTTCAACTTTCAATAATTTAATATGTTTGATTT TTTAGTGTAGCTACGATATTCGATAAGACCTA TATATGACATAGAGTTCTTGAAATAGCAAGTCTTGGTT TTGCCAAAGTAATAACCTGTAAAAATAAAAGC AATTCTTTACAGAGATTTTTGGTTTTAAATCTACAAAGT TGCAAAACTCGTTGCTTTCATTTGATTTAAT GGTTAGTTTTCGAGATAGACAAAATGGGAAATTTATTT GCAAAATGATTTAGTTGCAAAATCATTGGACA CTATCTTATTTCACGTTTTATATAATTGATGACATAATA AGATAGTTTCCCAAAGTAATTAATTGATGAT ATATGTGGTTGGATAAGAAATTATGGTATTATCATGTT TGCCTCTCAAATTTAAATCTAATTAATTATAT ACATACACGAGTAAGCTAAATAAAAGTTTGACCACATT TCATATGAAGAATTTTATCTTTCCAGATATCT AGAATTTGTTTTCTCTACACAGTTCATTGAAGAAAACA TAGTACGGAAGAGACCAGAGGTTAATTAAACG ACACTTTAACCTATCACGAGAGAGACTGAGATGATCA AATCAAATGAAAGAAAATAAACATCAATCACAT GCAAAGAGTGTTCATTAAGCAAAATCACTAAGTTTGTT TTTACTTTATTTTATTACGTTACTTCAAGTTT TTTTTTATCTTCTTGGTACTGTAAAAAAAGGAGAGAAA ATAGAGTTGGCTATGTGTAATAAGCGAACCAA AAGCAAGCCTTCCATGACTGTGCCCTCAAGAAAGTAG CTTTGTTTTCAATCCCAAACTGTCAAAGTCTCT CTTCACCTCAAGATTAATCAAAACATTTCTCTCTCTATC TCATCAATGTTACTTTAAAACCAATGCTCCT CTTCTTGTTCTTCATATAAACCACATATCCTCTCCTCCA TATCTTAACAATTTCATAGCAAACCCTAAAA TTGAGAAAGAGATAGAGAGAGAAAG CHS   GAGTTAAGTATGCACGTGTAAGAACTGGGAAGTGAAA promoter CCTCCTGTATGGTGAAGAAACTATACAACAAAG (SEQ ID CCCTTTGTTGGTGTATACGTATTAATTTTTATTCTTTTA NO: 48)  TCACAAGCGATACGTATCTTAAGACATAATA (GenBank: AATATATATCTTACTCATAATAAATATCTTAAGATATAT AF ATACAGTATACACCTGTATATATATAATAAA 248988.1) TAGGCATATAGTAGAAATTAATATGAGTTGTTGTTGTT GCAAATATATAAATCAATCAAAAGATTTAAAA CCCACCATTCAATCTTGGTAAGTAACGAAAAAAAAGG GAAGCAAGAAGAACCACAGAAAAGGGGGCTAAC AACTAGACACGTAGATCTTCATCTGCCCGTCCATCTAA CCTACCACACTCTCATCTTCTTTTTCCCGTGT CAGTTTGTTATATAAGCTCTCACTCTCCGGTATATTTC CAAATACACCTAACTTGTTTAGTACACAACAG CAACATCAAACTCTAATAAACCCAAGTTGGTGTATACT ATA CmCCD4a-5 TACAATATTTGGATTATGTTGAAGGTAATGTTGAACTA (SEQ ID CTTAAAATAGAAGAACGAGACACATATGAAAC NO: 49)  TAAATCACTTTTGCTTTTTAGAATTATGAGTTGTATCTT (GenBank: AAATAAGTTTAATTTTAGGTTTGTTACTCGC AB AATATTGTTAGGTATACCTTAAACTCGATGCATTTAAC 763911.1) CATAAAGCATCAGTGTGTGGCATACTGGCATT TAGGTCAGCTTCGTTTTGAGTATATTTAGTACAACGGA TATATGTGAAACCATTGTTACATTTCATTACT TGTTTGATTTGTTCTTATTGAGTAAAATTGGGTTCTCGT ACCTAAGGAATTATCTCATGCCCGCGACCAA CGAGCATGAACACAACTTCGAAACTCCGCTCATGCAC GACACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTAATTCAGAACCTAGTTTTTGTTCAAGATTCAT ATGGTTTGTTTCAAAACTGATTGAACATTTT TCCAAAATGTTTGTAAGATAATATCCACTTCAGTTTATC ATTTGAATACTGTAAACGGCTAAACGGAGCA GGATCCCTTGTTCAGG CTACCGTGGTAAACAGATAAA TTAATTGAAACACGTCATTTCTGGAATTTTCCC TCGTTATCTCAAGATATGCACCCAACGAGGTTTGAAC CCTGTTATCTTATGATACCTTCTGTCCGCCACA TTGGAGATGATTCGATTTGCAAATTGGGTCCTTAATAT ATAATTATGATTCTAAAATAGTATCGTTGTGA TTTAGAATATATGAACTCTGATAAGACTAAAATACTTAA TTATGATTCTAAAATAGTATCATTTTTTTTT TTTAATTAAGAAAAACAAGGTTGAGTATTTAAAATTCAA ATTAACCTTAAGTGTGATACCTTTCGGGTTA TGTAAATTTGCTATGTAGCTTATTTCCGTACTTTAAGA GTTTAAGATAAAAATAGAAATAATAGCTGTAA TAATATAGGAATAATCCAAAAGTACGTGAAGGAACATA CATACCTTTCTCAATGTTTTGCTATAAAAGCA TGAGTCTTCTTCACTA pAP3 GTCCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAAGCAG (SEQ ID TGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGT NO: 50) TGATTTAAACAGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCAGTTTA CATAAATGGAAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCA TCAACTTCTGAACTTACCTTTCATGGATTAGGCAATAC TTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCAAGTGGACCCTTT ACTTCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTTCTATTTCACTTCT TTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCAC CAAATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGAGAAG AAT pAP3:  GTCCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAAGCAG ItB24  TGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGTTGATTT (SEQ ID  AAAC NO: 51) AGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCAGTTTACATAAATGG AAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCATCAACTTCTGAACTTAC CTT TCATGGATTAGGCAATACTTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCA AGTGGACCCTTTACTTCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTT CTAT TTCACTTCTTTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCA CCAAATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGAGAA GAA TATGTCGATTATTCTGTATTTCTTTTCGTTTTTGCTTCT CCCCGCTCTTTTCTCGTTAATTTTAGTGAAGAAAATCA AAG ACACGAAACAAAACCTTCCTCCGAGCCCACCAAAGCT TCCGATCATCGGTAACCTACACCAGCTTCGAGGATTG TTTCAC AGATGTCTTCATGATTTGTCCAAGAAACATGGACCCGT GTTGCTTCTCCGTCTAGGTTTTCTCGAAATGGTTGTTA TCTC CTCAAGCGAAGCAGCTGAAGAAGTTCTCAAAACACAT GACCTTGAGTGTTGTACCAGACCGAACACTCACGCCT CATCCA TATTCTGGCGTAATGGTAAAGACATTGGCTTTGCCCC ATATGGTGAGGGGTGGAAAGAGGTTCGCAAGCTTGCT GTTCTC AATTTTTTCAGCGCGACAAAGGTTCGATCTTTCAGGTA CATCAGAGAGGAAGAGAATGATTTGATGGTCAAGCAA CTGAA GGAATTAGCTCAAAAGAAGTCTCCAGTGGATTTGAGC CAAACGTTTTTCTGTCTAGCCGGAAGTATCATATTCAG ATCTG CCTTTGGACAGCGTTTCTACGAGAACGTTCATGTCGA CAAGGAAAGGATCAAAGACCTCATGTTCGAGGCCCAG AGAATT GGATCTGTAAGTAGCTCTGATATTTTCCCTGGTTTGGG ATGGTTTATGGACTTTTTTTCAGGACGACATAGGAGAC TTCA CCAAGTTTTCGACGAGGTTGATACTTTGCTGAGTCATA TAATTGATGATCACTTGAAGAATCCTGACGAAAAAACA AATC AAGATCGCCCTGATATCGTCGACTCCATCTTAAAAACT ATGCAAAGTCAAGAAGAAGATGAATCTTTCAAGTTCAC CATT GATCATCTCAAAGGAATCATCCAAGATATATATCTTGC TGGAATAGACACAAGTGCCATCACCATGATCTGGGCA ATGGC AGAGCTCGTTAGAAACCCTAGAGTGATGAAAAAAGTC CAAGACGAGATCAGAACTTGCATTGGAATCAAACAAA AGGAGA GAATCGAGGAAGAAGATATCGACAAGCTTCAGTACTT TAAGCTTGTGATCAAAGAAACCTTAAGACTACACCCAG CATCT CCTATGTTACTCCCAAGAGAAACAATGAGTCAAATCAA GATTCAAGGCTACGACATTCCGCCAAAAACCATTCTA CTGGT TAACAGTTGGTCGATAGGTCGAGATCCTAAACACTGG AAAGATCCAGAAGAGTTTATCCCTGAGAGGTTCATCG ATTGTC CTGTAGATTACAAAGGACAGAGCTTTGAGATGTTACC ATTTGGTTCTGGACGGAGGGTGTGCCCAGGAATGGC TTCAGGG CTTGCGACCGTTGAATTGGGACTCTTGAATTTACTTTA CTACTTCGATTGGAGTTTGCCTGAGGGGAAGAAAGTT ATGGA CATGGAAGAAGCTGGTGATGCTACCATTATTAAGAAAT TTCCTCTTGAGCTTCTTCCAACTCTTCATGGTTAA pAP3:   GTCCCCCTCTTTTACCAAGTGACAATTGATTTAAGCAG TSA2-2A- TGTCTTGTAATTATACAACCATCGATGTCCGTTGATTT PtBG AAAC (SEQ ID  AGTGTCTTGTAATTAAAAAAATCAGTTTACATAAATGG NO: 52) AAAATTTATCACTTAGTTTTCATCAACTTCTGAACTTA CCTT TCATGGATTAGGCAATACTTTCCATTTTTAGTAACTCA AGTGGACCCTTTACTTCTTCAACTCCATCTCTCTCTTT CTAT TTCACTTCTTTCTTCTCATTATATCTCTTGTCCTCTCCA CCAAATCTCTTCAACAAAAAGATTAAACAAAGAGAGAA GAA TATGGATCTTCTCAAGAACCCTCCCACAACGGTGGGT CTATCAGAGACTTTCGCTAGGTTGAAGTCTAAAGGCA AAGTGG CTCTGATTCCATATATCACAGCTGGTGATCCAGATCTT TCCACAACAGCTAAAGCTCTCAAAGTGCTCGACTCTT GTGGC TCTGACATTATCGAACTCGGTGTTCCATACTCTGATCC ATTAGCTGATGGTCCAGCAATCCAGGCTGCTGCGAGA CGTTC TTTGCTTAAAGGAACTAACTTTAACTCCATTATCACTAT GCTTAAAGAGGTTATTCCTCAGTTATCTTGTCCGATTG CAT TGTTTACGTATTACAACCCGATCCTGCGGAGAGGAAT CGAGAACTACATGACTATTATAAAGAATGCTGGAGTTC ATGGG CTTCTTGTTCCTGATGTTCCACTCGAAGAGACTGAGA CTCTGCGGAAGGAAGCTCAAAAGCATCAGATTGAACT TGTACT GCTGACGACACCCACAACCCCGAAAGAACGGATGAAT GCCATTGTTGAAGCATCCCAAGGATTCATCTATCTCGT AAGCT CAGTGGGAGTTACTGGCACGAGAGAGTCTGTTAACGA ACACGTTCAATCCCTTCTACAACAAATCAAAGAGGCTA CAAAC AAGCCAGTCGCGGTTGGATTTGGCATATCGAAACCTG AGCATGTGAAACAGGTGGCTGAATGGGGAGCAGACG GAGTCAT TGTAGGAAGCGCTATGGTTAAGATATTGGGAGAGGCT GAATCACCTGAGCAAGGACTCAAGGAGCTGGAAGTCT TCACTA AATCTTTAAAGTCTGCTCTTATCTCTctgctgaacttcg acctccttaagcttgcgggagacgtcgagtccaacccag gtcccATGGCGATCACCTCCATAGCTCATCTCCGTGTCG TCAATGCGAACATGAGCATTCCGCTAGCTCGTCTTCGT GTCGT CAATGCAAACATAAGCATTCCGCTTAAGCGGACTAGT TTCCCCAAGAAATTCCTGTTTGGGGCTGGCTCTGCTT CTTACC AATATGAAGGAGCAGCACATATAGATGGGCGAGGACT TAGCGTCTGGGATGTCTTCACTAAGGAACACCCTGAA AAGATC GCAGATCAGTCGAATGGAGATGTTGCTCAAGACTTTT ATCACCGATACAAGGAAGATATAAAGTCGATGAAGGA AATGGG TTTGGAGTCATTCAGGTTCTCCATTTCATGGTCAAGAA TATTACCTAATGGGAAAATCAGTGGAGGAATCAACAA GCTTG GGATCAAGTTCTACAATAATCTCATTGACGAACTGCTA GCCAATGGAATCAAGCCACTTGTCACTATCTACCATTG GGAC CTTCCACAAGCACTTCAAGACGAATATGGAGGGTTCT TGAGCCCCAAAATCGTGGATGACTTTCTGGAATATGC AAACCT AGTTTTTAAGGAGTTCGGGGATAGGGTTAAGCATTGG GCGACACTGAATGAACCCAATATAATGACCCAACAAG GGTACG TATTTGGGGCACATGCACCCGGACGATGTTCTCACTT CGAATGGAACTGCCCGGCTGGAAACTCCGGCACCGA GCCTTAT ATAGTTGGTCACCACCTCCTCCTATGTCATGCTGCAG CTTTTCAACTATACAAACAAAAGTATAAGGATGATCAA AAGGG TATAATCGGAATAACAACCGCGACACAGATGGCCATA CCGTTAAACGACAACGTTGCCAACCTCTTGGCAGCGT CACGAG CCATCGATTTCAACATTGGATGGTTTTTGCATCCGGTT GTTTACGGCGAGTATCCACAGACGATGAGGGAGCGG TTGGGA AGTCGACTGCCAAAATTCACAGAAAAAGAGTCGGAGA TGTTGAAACAATCGTTCGACTTTATAGGGTTGAATTAC TACTC AACTGATTATGCAGCCGCATCATCTTTTTCAGTTGATC CAGTGAATGTCAGTTACACAACTGATTCCCGAGCAAC ATTAT CAGCGATAAAAGATGGGGTTCCTATCGGCGACCCGA CATTTATGAGCTGGTTGCATATATATCCAGAGGGCATC CTAACT CTGTTGCGATACGTAAAGGAAAGGTACAACAATCCAT TTGTCATGATCACTGAGAATGGGATGGCCGATGAAAA CAAGGG ATCATTAGCGGAAGATCCGATGGCTTTAAAAGACAAC GTCAGAATTCGATATCACCGCGAACATCTATACTATGT TCTTG AAGCTATAAAGGAGGGTGTGAACGTGGGAGGATACTA CGCATGGACATGGATGGATGATTTCGAGTGGGGTTCT GGATAT ACTCCTCGATTCGGTCTCAACTTTGTGGATTTCGACAA TGATTTGAAGAGAACCCCCAAGGATTCTTACTTCTGGT TCAA GGACTTCCTTGCAAATTAA PtBG ATGGCGATCACCTCCATAGCTCATCTCCGTGTCGTCA (SEQ ID  ATGCGAACATGAGCATTCCGCTAGCTCGTCTTC  NO: 53) GTGTCGTCAATGCAAACATAAGCATTCCGCTTAAGCG (GenBank: GACTAGTTTCCCCAAGAAATTCCTGTTTGGGGC AB TGGCTCTGCTTCTTACCAATATGAAGGAGCAGCACAT 003089.1) ATAGATGGGCGAGGACTTAGCGTCTGGGATGTC TTCACTAAGGAACACCCTGAAAAGATCGCAGATCAGT CGAATGGAGATGTTGCTCAAGACTTTTATCACC GATACAAGGAAGATATAAAGTCGATGAAGGAAATGGG TTTGGAGTCATTCAGGTTCTCCATTTCATGGTC AAGAATATTACCTAATGGGAAAATCAGTGGAGGAATC AACAAGCTTGGGATCAAGTTCTACAATAATCTC ATTGACGAACTGCTAGCCAATGGAATCAAGCCACTTG TCACTATCTACCATTGGGACCTTCCACAAGCAC TTCAAGACGAATATGGAGGGTTCTTGAGCCCCAAAAT CGTGGATGACTTTCTGGAATATGCAAACCTAGT TTTTAAGGAGTTCGGGGATAGGGTTAAGCATTGGGCG ACACTGAATGAACCCAATATAATGACCCAACAA GGGTACGTATTTGGGGCACATGCACCCGGACGATGTT CTCACTTCGAATGGAACTGCCCGGCTGGAAACT CCGGCACCGAGCCTTATATAGTTGGTCACCACCTCCT CCTATGTCATGCTGCAGCTTTTCAACTATACAA ACAAAAGTATAAGGATGATCAAAAGGGTATAATCGGA ATAACAACCGCGACACAGATGGCCATACCGTTA AACGACAACGTTGCCAACCTCTTGGCAGCGTCACGAG CCATCGATTTCAACATTGGATGGTTTTTGCATC CGGTTGTTTACGGCGAGTATCCACAGACGATGAGGGA GCGGTTGGGAAGTCGACTGCCAAAATTCACAGA AAAAGAGTCGGAGATGTTGAAACAATCGTTCGACTTTA TAGGGTTGAATTACTACTCAACTGATTATGCA GCCGCATCATCTTTTTCAGTTGATCCAGTGAATGTCAG TTACACAACTGATTCCCGAGCAACATTATCAG CGATAAAAGATGGGGTTCCTATCGGCGACCCGACATT TATGAGCTGGTTGCATATATATCCAGAGGGCAT CCTAACTCTGTTGCGATACGTAAAGGAAAGGTACAAC AATCCATTTGTCATGATCACTGAGAATGGGATG GCCGATGAAAACAAGGGATCATTAGCGGAAGATCCGA TGGCTTTAAAAGACAACGTCAGAATTCGATATC ACCGCGAACATCTATACTATGTTCTTGAAGCTATAAAG GAGGGTGTGAACGTGGGAGGATACTACGCATG GACATGGATGGATGATTTCGAGTGGGGTTCTGGATAT ACTCCTCGATTCGGTCTCAACTTTGTGGATTTC GACAATGATTTGAAGAGAACCCCCAAGGATTCTTACTT CTGGTTCAAGGACTTCCTTGCAAATTAA LTP3 TTTAAATCCTATTGTAGTGTTATTTATAAAAAAAATGAG promoter  AAAAGATAAAAATACCTTTATATTAATATTTGTTATATT (SEQ ID GT NO: 54)  AAAATAAGGATATTTTTAACAAATTTTCAATTGAATAGA (GenBank: TGTTTGGGTGAATCCTAATACCAATTAAAGTATATATA AF CAC 228333.1) AAACAATTATAAATCAAATTACTTTTAATAAAATGGTAT CATTCAATTCAATGACAATAAATGCATTTATAAATACAT CA AATGTAAATCTCATGTTTATAAGAAAACACGTAGAAAA AAGTTAAACCAATATTTGAGTCCTAGCTGTGGAGGCAT GATT GAGTGAAATCAAATGGACGCTGGTTTTAATTGTATTGA AAGAAACCAATAATCACGTAGGTTGGCAGTTGAACAT AATTG AATGGTCTCAACTTTTAATGTGGTGTTAATGTTTGGAT CGGATAATCTCAACTTACCTAATAGCTAGGAAAGTAAA ATTC AAACATCACCCGCTACTACTTTTGGCTATAAAAACCCT CCTACCCTCAAGCCCTAACGACGACAATCACCAATAG TACTA CTACTCCAAGCAAGTATTTTCCTTACACGTTTGTTTTT CTTGTGATTAATCGAT 35S  TCCACTGACGTAAGGGATGACGCACAATCCCACTATC promoter CTTCGCAAGACCCTTCCTCTATATAAGGAAGTT (SEQ ID CATTTCATTTGGAGAGGACACGCTGAAATCACCAGTC NO: 55) TCTCTCTACAAATCTATCTCTCTCTATTTTCTC (GenBank: CATAATAATGTGTGAGTAGTTCCCAGATAAGGGAATTA S51061.1) GGGTTCTTATAGGGTTTCGCTCACGTGTTGAG ATR2 AAAAGGAGTCTCTCTCTCACCTACACCACACCTAACC (SEQ ID AAACCCCCTACGATTCACACAGAGAGAGATCTT NO: 56) CTTCTTCCTTCTTCTTCCTTCTTCTTTCTTCTTCTTTC (GenBank:  TTCTTCTAGCTACAACATCTACAACGCCATGT NC_ CCTCTTCTTCTTCTTCGTCAACCTCCATGATCGATCTC 003075) ATGGCAGCAATCATCAAAGGAGAGCCTGTAAT TGTCTCCGACCCAGCTAATGCCTCCGCTTACGAGTCC GTAGCTGCTGAATTATCCTCTATGCTTATAGAG AATCGTCAATTCGCCATGATTGTTACCACTTCCATTGC TGTTCTTATTGGTTGCATCGTTATGCTCGTTT GGAGGAGATCCGGTTCTGGGAATTCAAAACGTGTCGA GCCTCTTAAGCCTTTGGTTATTAAGCCTCGTGA GGAAGAGATTGATGATGGGCGTAAGAAAGTTACCATC TTTTTCGGTACACAAACTGGTACTGCTGAAGGT TTTGCAAAGGTGAGGACTTTGTGTTTTGGTTTGTTCTG ATTTCGAATGATGAAGTTGAATTTGAATCAGT TTGATGTTTTTGAAATTTGCAGGCTTTAGGAGAAGAAG CTAAAGCAAGATATGAAAAGACCAGATTCAAA ATCGTTGATTTGGTATTTATTTTGTTCCATCAACTTTT TAGATAAAGTTTGATGCTTTAAGTATAATCTG ATTCTGAGTTTATTAACAGGATGATTACGCGGCTGATG ATGATGAGTATGAGGAGAAATTGAAGAAAGAG GATGTGGCTTTCTTCTTCTTAGCCACGTTAGTTTTCTT AGCTGATCTTTTGTTTGGGATCGGTATAAGTA TTAAATTTGATTTGTTCTTGTGGCTGACTTGGTTTTAC TATCTGGAATCTGGATGTAGATATGGAGATGG TGAGCCTACCGACAATGCAGCGAGATTCTACAAATGG TTCACCGAGGTTAGTCTTTTTTTTTGGCTTGGC TCAACTAGTTGTTGTAACGTGTGTTGTTTTTGTTTTCT TGTTTCTGAAGTTGTAAACATGTGTTTACAGG GGAATGACAGAGGAGAATGGCTTAAGAACTTGAAGTA TGGAGTGTTTGGATTAGGAAACAGACAATATGA GCATTTTAATAAGGTTTATAAATGAAATCTTTATTCCC CTTTTCTTAATGGTTTTGCTCTTGTCACTATT ATGGTCTCCTTCCAATTACTTTGGACCGAGCTAATATG CAGATTTGTTTTGTAAATTTTGGGTTGCAGGT TGCCAAAGTTGTAGATGACATTCTTGTCGAACAAGGTT TGTTTTGTTTCTTTCTTTCTTTCTTTCTTTCA TCATCCGTTTTGGATCGCTCTGATCCGGTCTTAATGTG TTGTATTTTGGTTTCTAACTTCATTGAGTGGG TTGTTCAGGTGCACAGCGTCTTGTACAAGTTGGTCTT GGAGATGATGACCAGTGTATTGAAGATGACTTT ACCGCTTGGTATTTTACATTTCCACTTCTCGTGGCTTA TCGTGTACAATGCTGTTTTGGTCATTTGTTTT TTGGGGGGCTAAATTTGCTACCTCTTGCAGGCGAGAA GCATTGTGGCCCGAGCTTGATACAATACTGAGG GAAGAAGGGGATACAGCTGTTGCCACACCATACACTG CAGCTGTGTTAGAATACAGAGTTTCTATTCACG ACTCTGAAGATGCCAAATTCAATGATATAAACATGGCA AATGGGAATGGTTACACTGTGTTTGATGCTCA ACATCCTTACAAGTACAAAATCCAGCCGCTTCTTTTCT TTTTCCTTATAATCTTGTCTTGTTACTTGATC TAATCTTGCTTTTTTTGGCTTTTAAAGAGCAAATGTCG CTGTTAAAAGGGAGCTTCATACTCCCGAGTCT GATCGTTCTTGTATCCATTTGGAATTTGACATTGCTGG AAGTGGACTTACGTGAGTTCTACTGCTATATG AATATTTACTTAATCAGAGGGAAATATTATTGGAGAAT AACATGAATGTATTTTTTGTATCTTGTCTGTC AGGTATGAAACTGGAGATCATGTTGGTGTACTTTGTG ATAACTTAAGTGAAACTGTAGATGAAGCTCTTA GATTGCTGGATATGTCACCTGATACTTATTTCTCACTT CACGCTGAAAAAGAAGACGGCACACCAATCAG CAGCTCACTGCCTCCTCCCTTCCCACCTTGCAACTTG AGAACAGCGCTTACACGATATGCATGTCTTTTG AGTTCTCCAAAGAAGGTTGGTTGGATTCATTTACCATT AGACTGGTTATAATCAGTTTTGTTTCTCTTCA TAGAGATTCAAACTCAATTATTTTCATGTTTATTTTCT TGCAGTCTGCTTTAGTTGCGTTGGCTGCTCAT GCATCTGATCCTACCGAAGCAGAACGATTAAAACACC TTGCTTCACCTGCTGGAAAGGTTGTGGCTGAAC CTTTTGTTGGTTTCTACTCTTCATTTTCCATTTCTTTA AAATGGAATCTGACAATGTATATTTTGTGTCC TTTCAACAACAGGATGAATATTCAAAGTGGGTAGTAGA GAGTCAAAGAAGTCTACTTGAGGTGATGGCCG AGTTTCCTTCAGCCAAGCCACCACTTGGTGTCTTCTTC GCTGGAGTTGCTCCAAGGTTGCAGCCTAGGTT CTATTCGATATCATCATCGCCCAAGTGAGTACCTTCAT TGTCTTGGTCTTTTTGTCTTCAAGTTGTTCGC TTGAGACTTATATTGTGTTTTTAGTGTATTGAGCATTG TCCCGTTTACTTGTATAGGATTGCTGAAACTA GAATTCACGTCACATGTGCACTGGTTTATGAGAAAATG CCAACTGGCAGGATTCATAAGGGAGTGTGTTC CACTTGGATGAAGGTAAATATAAAAAACTTAAATCTGA TAGCTTCTTGCAAACATATTGCTTTGGAATCT TTTTACTGTTTGTGTCATTTCTTATCCATTGTCTTGGT GTTTTTGCTGGGTACTGATTTTTTGCATCGTA ATCACAGAATGCTGTGCCTTACGAGAAGAGTGAAAAC TGTTCCTCGGCGCCGATATTTGTTAGGCAATCC AACTTCAAGCTTCCTTCTGATTCTAAGGTACCGATCAT CATGATCGGTCCAGGGACTGGATTAGCTCCAT TCAGAGGATTCCTTCAGGAAAGACTAGCGTTGGTAGA ATCTGGTGTTGAACTTGGGCCATCAGTTTTGTT CTTTGGATGCAGAAACCGTAGAATGGTAATAAAGCCA TTACTCAAAACTCAAACCTTTCATTGGTTTTGT CCAGTTTCTAATCATATCTTCTCATATATGTAGGATTT CATCTACGAGGAAGAGCTCCAGCGATTTGTTG AGAGTGGTGCTCTCGCAGAGCTAAGTGTCGCCTTCTC TCGTGAAGGACCCACCAAAGAATACGTACAGCA CAAGATGATGGACAAGGTATGAGCTTATAGAAACCCA AAACTCAGATCTTCATATAGATTCAAATTCAGA TTCTTGAGCTGACAATCTTTCTGCAATGCAGGCTTCTG ATATCTGGAATATGATCTCTCAAGGAGCTTAT TTATATGTTTGTGGTGACGCCAAAGGCATGGCAAGAG ATGTTCACAGATCTCTCCACACAATAGCTCAAG AACAGGTATGTCTTGTTGAGATCAATCTAGCATTATCA TTGTCCGTATCACAAACCGACTCTAATGAGTT TATTTCTGTCTGTCTTGTTTTCAGGGGTCAATGGATTC AACTAAAGCAGAGGGCTTCGTGAAGAATCTGC AAACGAGTGGAAGATATCTTAGAGATGTATGGTAACG AAACTATTGAAGCCACACACTCACTGTGTACTT ATATTTATATATATACGGCACAGAAATTGCCACATTAT GATGATCATTAAGTTTGTGATCGCAAGAAGAA AGGAACTCCTTTTTTTTTCCATTTTTAATTTCTTTTCA TATATTTTGACAACTCTATTTTTTTAACTCTT GTTATATATCCCCCACCCAATAGTAAGAAAAAATGCAT AAGATGTTATGGGGTATTTGTGAACAATTATG TTATATACAAAGTCAGTACCTTTAGTATGAATTCTTTA TGTAGCACTTTCACCAAAGTCCCCATTTTGGG ACAAATACAAATTCTTTGTTTATGCCTCA IsH_XbaI_ TCA TGG TTA ATC TAG AGA TTA AAG AGG rbsF1  AGA AAT ACT AGA TGA CCA (SEQ ID NO: 57) IsH_XbaI_ CAA AAT TAT TTC TAG TTA TTC TCG ATC R1stp  AAA AAT AGC CAG TAC CCG (SEQ ID NO: 58) IsH  ATGACCAGCATTAAACTCCTTGCAGAGAGTCTGCTCA (SEQ ID  AAGACAAAATAAAGATCGTCGATCTATCGCACACCTTG NO: 59) AGATCCGAATTTCCGACACTGACATTACCTCCTCAGTT TGGGCAAACCTGGGCGTTCAAGAAGGAGGAAATATC GCGCTACGACGACCGTGGGCCCGCTTGGTACTGGAA CAACTTTTCCTGCGGCGAACACACTGGTACTCACTTT GATGCCCCAGTCCATTGGGTCACAGGCGAATCCGTG CCTGAGAACTCAGTAGATCGTATTGACCCACAGCGCT TTATGGCACCGGCAGTAGTGATTGATGCCTCTAAAGA GGTACTAGAAAATCCGGACTGGGTTCTAGAGCCAGAA TTTATCCAGGAGTGGGAGAAACTGCATGGCCGGATCG AAGCCGGTTCCTGGTTTCTACTCCGGACAGATTGGTC GAAGAAAATCAATAACCCGCTTGAGTTTGCTAACCTGA TAGACGGCGCACCTCACACGCCAGGCCCAAGCCAGC GTACAGTTGAATGGCTTATCGCCGAACGTGATGTCGT GGGCTT TGGGGTTGAGACGATCAATATTGATGCGGGCCTTTCA GGCCGCTGGGAAGTTCCATACCCTTGCCACAACAAGA TGCTGGGAGCAGGACGATTCGGGCTGCAGTGCTTGA ACAATCTTGACCTGTTACCACCAACAGGAGCAGTAAT CATCTCCGCTCCACTGAAGATCGAAGATGGCTCAGGC AGCCCGCTGCGGGTACTGGCTATTTTTGATCGAGAAT AA PtBG  ATGGCGATCACCTCCATAGCTCATCTCCGTGTCGTCA (His-tag) ATGCGAACATGAGCATTCCGCTAGCTCGTCTTC (SEQ ID GTGTCGTCAATGCAAACATAAGCATTCCGCTcAAGCG NO: 60 GACaAGTTTCCCCAAGAAATTCCTGTTTGGGGC TGGCTCTGCTTCTTACCAATATGAAGGAGCAGCACAT ATAGATGGGCGAGGACTTAGCGTCTGGGATGTC TTCACTAAGGAACACCCTGAAAAGATCGCAGATCAGT CGAATGGAGATGTTGCTCAAGACTTTTATCACC GATACAAGGAAGATATAAAGTCGATGAAGGAAATGGG TTTGGAGTCATTCAGGTTCTCCATTTCATGGTC AAGAATATTACCTAATGGGAAAATCAGTGGAGGAATC AACAAGCTaGGGATCAAGTTCTACAATAATCTC ATTGACGAACTGCTAGCCAATGGAATCAAGCCACTTG TCACTATCTACCATTGGGACCTTCCACAAGCAC TTCAAGACGAATATGGAGGGTTCTTGAGCCCCAAAAT CGTGGATGACTTTCTGGAATATGCAAACCTAGT TTTTAAGGAGTTCGGGGATAGGGTTAAGCATTGGGCG ACACTGAATGAACCCAATATAATGACCCAACAA GGGTACGTATTTGGGGCACATGCACCCGGACGATGTT CTCACTTCGAATGGAACTGCCCGGCTGGAAACT CCGGCACCGAGCCTTATATAGTTGGTCACCACCTCCT CCTATGTCATGCTGCAGCTTTTCAACTATACAA ACAAAAGTATAAGGATGATCAAAAGGGTATAATCGGA ATAACAACCGCGACACAGATGGCCATACCGTTA AACGACAACGTTGCCAACCTCTTGGCAGCGTCACGAG CCATCGATTTCAACATTGGATGGTTTTTGCATC CGGTTGTTTACGGCGAGTATCCACAGACGATGAGGGA GCGGTTGGGAAGTCGACTGCCAAAATTCACAGA AAAAGAGTCGGAGATGTTGAAACAATCGTTCGACTTTA TAGGGTTGAATTACTACTCAACTGATTATGCA GCCGCATCATCTTTTTCAGTTGATCCAGTGAATGTCAG TTACACAACTGATTCCCGAGCAACATTATCAG CGATAAAAGATGGGGTTCCTATCGGCGACCCGACATT TATGAGCTGGTTGCATATATATCCAGAGGGCAT CCTAACTCTGTTGCGATACGTAAAGGAAAGGTACAAC AATCCATTTGTCATGATCACTGAGAATGGGATG GCCGATGAAAACAAGGGATCATTAGCGGAAGATCCGA TGGCTTTAAAAGACAACGTCAGgATTCGATATC ACCGCGAACATCTATACTATGTTCTTGAAGCTATAAAG GAGGGTGTGAACGTGGGAGGATACTACGCATG GACATGGATGGATGATTTCGAGTGGGGTTCTGGATAT ACTCCTCGATTCGGTCTCAACTTTGTGGATTTC GACAATGATTTGAAGAGAACCCCCAAGGATTCTTACTT CTGGTTCAAGGACTTCCTTGCAAATcaccaccaccacc accactagTAA Indole  CCTTGAATTC GGTTTTCAGC ACTTGGCACA hydroxy- GCTGTTGCAC TTTGTCCTGC GCAATCCGCC lase  AACCTGGAGA TGGCCGTGAC CAATACCCCC (SEQ ID  ACACCGACTT TCGATCAGTT NO: 61) CACTCGTTACATCCGTGTGC GCAGCGAACC AGAAGCCAAG TTCGTCGAGT TCGATTTTGC CCTTGGCCACCCTGAGTTGT TCGTCGAGTT GGTGCTGCCG CAAGACGCCT TCGTGAAGTT TTGCCAGCACAACCGCGTGG TGGCAATGGA CGAAGCGATG GCCAAGGCGG TGGACGACGA CATGGTCAAGTGGCGCTTCG GCGATGTCGG TCGCCGCCTG CTGAAAGACC CGGGCTGAGA ACCCTGCCGACAGGCAGATG GGCATCCAAC AACAAGAGGG TACGGTTGAT ATGAGCGTAG AGATAAAGACCAATACGGTG GATCCGATCC GCCAGACCTA CGGCAACCTG CAACGGCGCT TCGGGGACAAGCCGGCTAGC CGTTATCAGG AAGCCAGCTA CGACATCGAA GCGGTCACCA ACTTTCACTATCGCCCGCTG TGGGACCCGC AGCACGAGCT GCACGATCCG ACCCGCACGG CGATCCGCATGACCGATTGG CACAAGGTCA CCGACCCCCG CCAGTTCTAC TACGGCGCCT ATGTGCAGGGCCGCGCGCGG ATGCAGGAAG CCACCGAACA CGCCTATGGC TTCTGCGAAA AGCGTGAGCTGCTGAGCCGT CTGCCGGCCG AGTTGCAGGC CAAGCTGCTG CGCTGCTTGG TGCCGCTGCGGCATGCCGAG CTGGGCGCCA ACATGAATAA CAGCAGCATC GCCGGCGACA GCATCGCCGCCACCGTGACC CAGATGCACA TCTACCAGGC GATGGACCGC CTGGGCATGG GCCAGTACCTCTCGCGCATC GGCCTGCTGC TCGATGGCGG CACCGGCGAG GCGTTGGATC AAGCCAAGGCCTATTGGCTC GACGACCCGA TCTGGCAGGG CCTGCGTCGC TACGTCGAAG ACAGCTTCGTGATCCGCGAC TGGTTCGAGT TGGGCCTGGC GCAGAACCTG GTGCTCGACG GCTTGCTGCAGCCGCTGATG TACCAGCGCT TCGACCAATG GCTCACAGAG AACGGTGGCA GCGATGTGGCCATGCTCACC GAGTTCATGC GCGACTGGTA CGGCGAAAGC ACGCGCTGGG TCGACGCCATGTTCAAGACC GTGCTTGCCG AAAATGACGC TAACCGTGAG CAGGTGCAGG CCTGGCTGGAGGTCTGGGAG CCGCGTGCCT ACGAGGCATT GTTGCCCCTG GCCGAGGAAG CCACCGGTATCGCCGCGCTG GATGAAGTCC GCAGCGCCTT CGCTACTCGC CTGCAGAAAA TCGGCCTGAAAAGCCGCGAG GAATAAAGCA TGTCATCACT CGTCTACATC GCCTTCCAGG ATAACGACAACGCGCGTTAC CTGGTGGAAG CGATCATCCA GGACAACCCC CACGCCGTCG TCCAGCACCACCCGGCGATG ATCCGTATCG AGGCCGAGAA GCGCCTGGAG ATCCGCAGGG AAACCGTGGAAGAGAACCTC GGCCGCGCCT GGGACGTCCA GGCAATGCTG GTGGACGTAA TCACCATCGGCGGCAACGTC GACGAGGACG ATGACCGCTT CGTCCTCGAG TGGAAGAACT AGGAGACAAGCTCATGGCTA CCCACAACAA GAAACGCCTC AACCTGAAAG ACAAATACCG CTACCTGACCCGCGATCTGG CCTGGGAAAC GACCTACCAG AAGAAAGAAG ACGTGTTCCC GCTGGAGCACTTCGAGGGCA TCAAGATCAC CGACTGGGAC AAGTGGGAAG ACCCCTTCCG CCTGACCATGGACAGCTACT GGAAATACCA GGCGGAGAAA GAGAAGAAGC TCTACGCGAT CTTCGACGCCTTTGCCCAGA ACAATGGTCA TCAGAACATT TCCGATGCGC GCTACGTCAA CGCCCTGAAGCTGTTCCTCA CCGGCGTTTC ACCGCTGGAA TACCAGGCCT TCCAGGGCTT CTCGCGGGTTGGCCGGCAGT TCAGTGGCGC CGGTGCGCGG GTCGCCTGTC AGATGCAGGC GATCGACGAGCTGCGCCATG TGCAGACGCA AGTCCACGCC ATGAGCCATT ACAACAAGCA CTTCGATGGTTTGCATGACT TCGCCCACAT GTACGACCGG GTCTGGTTCC TCTCGGTACC CAAGTCCTTTATGGACGATG CGCGGACCGC CGGTCCGTTC GAGTTCCTCA CCGCCGTCTC GTTCTCCTTCGAGTACGTGC TGACCAACCT GTTGTTCGTA CCCTTCATGT CCGGTGCCGC CTACAACGGCGATATGGCCA CGGTCACCTT CGGTTTCTCC GCGCAGTCGG ACGAGGCGCG GCACATGACCCTGGGTCTGG AAGTGATCAA GTTCATGCTC GAACAGCATG AAGACAACGT GCCCATCATCCAGCGCTGGA TCGATAAGTG GTTCTGGCGC GGTTACCGCC TGCTGACCCT GATCGGCATGATGATGGACT ACATGCTGCC GAACAAAGTG ATGTCCTGGT CTGAGGCCTG GGGGGTCTACTTCGAGCAGG CCGGTGGCGC GCTGTTCAAG GATCTTGAGC GCTATGGCAT CCGGCCGCCGAAATACGTCG AGCAGACCAC CATCGGCAAG GAGCACATCA CCCACCAGGT GTGGGGGGCCGTCTATCAAT ACAGCAAGGC CACCAACTTC CATACCTGGA TACCCGGTGA CGAGGAACTGAACTGGCTGT CGGAGAAATA CCCGGACACC TTCGACAAAT ACTACCG CCC GCGCTTCGAGTTCTGGCGTG AGCAGCAGGC CAAGGGTGAG CGCTTCTACA ACGACACCCT GCCGCACCTCTGCCAGGTGT GCCAGCTACC GGCGATTTTC ACCGAGCCGG ACGATCCGAC CAAGCTCAGCCTGCGCAGCC TGGTGCACGA GGGGGAGCGC TATCACTTCT GCTCGGATGG CTGCTGCGACATCTTCAAGA ACGAGCCGGT GAAGTACATC CAGGCCTGGC TGCCGGTGCA CCAGATCTACCAGGGCAACT GCGAAGGCGG GGATGTCGAG ACGGTGGTGC AGAAGTACTA CCACATCAAAAGCGGCGTGG ACAATTTGGA GTACCTGGGC TCGCCCGAGC ACCAGCGCTG GCTGGCCCTGAAAGGTCAGA CCCCACCAAC TGCCGCCCCG GCGGACAAGA ACCTGGACGC CGCCTGAGGCAGCGCCAGCC GCTCAGGGGT GAAGCACCGC CCCTGAGCCA TTCCAAGAAC AAGAGGGTTCGATCATGACT GTCAACTCAA TCGGCGAATA CACTGCCACG CCACGGGATG TGCAGGCCAACTTCAACGGC ATGCAACTGC TCTACCTCTA CTGGGAAGAG CACCTGATGT ACTGCTCCGCGCTCGCGTTC TTGGTAGCCC CCGGCATGCC CTTTGCCGAG TTCCTCGAGC AGGTGCTCAAGCCCGCGATC CACGCCCATC CGGACAGCGC GAAGATCGAT TTCAGCCAGG CGCTCTGGCAGCTGAACGAC CAGCCGTTCA CCCCGGACTA CGCCGCCAGC CTGGAAGCCA ACGGCATCGACCACAAAAGC ATGCTGCGTC TGAACACCCC GGGCCTGAAC GGCATCCAGG GTTCCTGCAGCTGAGAGGTG TGTCATGACT TACAACGTCA CCATCGAGCC TACCGGTGAA ATCATCGAGGTCGAGGAGGG CCAGACCATC CTGCAAGCGG CCTTGCGCCA GGGCGTCTGG CTGCCATTCGCCTGCGGCCA TGGTACCTGC GCGACCTGCA AGGTGCAGGT AGTCGAAGGC GAGGCCGACCACGGCGCCGC CTCACCCTTT GCCCTGATGG ACATGGAGCG TGACGAGGGC AAGGTCCTGGCCTGCTGCGC CATGCCCATG AGCGATATGG TGATAGAGGC GGATATCGAC GTCGATCCGGATTTCGCCGG CCATCAAGTC GAGGACTACC GCGGGGTGGT CAGCGCCCTG GTCGACCTGTCGCCGACCAT CAAGGGTGTG CACATCAAGC TCGATCGGCC GATGACCTTC CAGGCCGGGCAATACATCAA CCTGACCCTG CCGGGCGTTG AAGGATCACG CGCCTTCTCG CTGGCCAACCCGCCGAGCCG GAATGACGAA GTCGAGTTGC ACGTGCGCCT GGTCGAGGGC GGTGCGGCCACCGGCTTTAT CCACAAGCAA CTGAAAGTCG GCGACGCGGT GGAGCTGTCC GGGCCTTATGGGCAGTTCTT CGTGCGCGAT TCGCAGGCCG GCGACCTGAT CTTCATCGCC GGCGGCTCGGGCTTATCGAG CCCGCAGTCG ATGATCCTCG ATCTGCTTGA ACGCGGCGAT ACGCGGCGGATCACCCTGTT CCAGGGCGCG CGCAACCGCG CCGAGCTGTA CAACTGCGAA CTGTTCGAGGAACTGGCCGC GCGCCACCCC AACTTCAGTT ACGTGCCGGC ACTCAACCAG GCCAACGACGATCCCGAATG GCAGGGTTTC AAGGGCTTCG TCCACGACGC CGCCAAGGCC CACTTCGACGGCCGCTTCGG CGGGCACAAG GCCTACTTGT GCGGCCCGCC GCCAATGATC AACGCGGCCATCACCACCCT GAGGCAGGGC CGGCTGTTCG AGCGCGACAT CTTTATGGAG CGCTTCTACACCGCCGCCGA TGGGGCCGGC GAGAGCAGCC GTTCGGCCCT GTTCAAGCGC ATCTGAGGTG AACCATGAAC CGTGCCGGTT ATGAGATTCG CGA AtR1  ATGACTTCTGCTTTGTATGCTTCCGATTTGTTTAAGCA (SEQ ID GCTCAAGTCAATTATGGGGACAGATTCGTTAT NO: 62) CCGACGATGTTGTACTTGTGATTGCAACGACGTCTTT GGCACTAGTAGCTGGATTTGTGGTGTTGTTATG GAAGAAAACGACGGCGGATCGGAGCGGGGAGCTGAA GCCTTTGATGATCCCTAAGTCTCTTATGGCTAAG GACGAGGATGATGATTTGGATTTGGGATCCGGGAAGA CTAGAGTCTCTATCTTCTTCGGTACGCAGACTG GAACAGCTGAGGGATTTGCTAAGGCATTATCCGAAGA AATCAAAGCGAGATATGAAAAAGCAGCAGTCAA AGTCATTGACTTGGATGACTATGCTGCCGATGATGAC CAGTATGAAGAGAAATTGAAGAAGGAAACTTTG GCATTTTTCTGTGTTGCTACTTATGGAGATGGAGAGC CTACTGACAATGCTGCCAGATTTTACAAATGGT TTACGGAGGAAAATGAACGGGATATAAAGCTTCAACA ACTAGCATATGGTGTGTTTGCTCTTGGTAATCG CCAATATGAACATTTTAATAAGATCGGGATAGTTCTTG ATGAAGAGTTATGTAAGAAAGGTGCAAAGCGT CTTATTGAAGTCGGTCTAGGAGATGATGATCAGAGCA TTGAGGATGATTTTAATGCCTGGAAAGAATCAC TATGGTCTGAGCTAGACAAGCTCCTCAAAGACGAGGA TGATAAAAGTGTGGCAACTCCTTATACAGCTGT TATTCCTGAATACCGGGTGGTGACTCATGATCCTCGG TTTACAACTCAAAAATCAATGGAATCAAATGTG GCCAATGGAAATACTACTATTGACATTCATCATCCCTG CAGAGTTGATGTTGCTGTGCAGAAGGAGCTTC ACACACATGAATCTGATCGGTCTTGCATTCATCTCGAG TTCGACATATCCAGGACGGGTATTACATATGA AACAGGTGACCATGTAGGTGTATATGCTGAAAATCAT GTTGAAATAGTTGAAGAAGCTGGAAAATTGCTT GGCCACTCTTTAGATTTAGTATTTTCCATACATGCTGA CAAGGAAGATGGCTCCCCATTGGAAAGCGCAG TGCCGCCTCCTTTCCCTGGTCCATGCACACTTGGGAC TGGTTTGGCAAGATACGCAGACCTTTTGAACCC TCCTCGAAAGTCTGCGTTAGTTGCCTTGGCGGCCTAT GCCACTGAACCAAGTGAAGCCGAGAAACTTAAG CACCTGACATCACCTGATGGAAAGGATGAGTACTCAC AATGGATTGTTGCAAGTCAGAGAAGTCTTTTAG AGGTGATGGCTGCTTTTCCATCTGCAAAACCCCCACT AGGTGTATTTTTTGCTGCAATAGCTCCTCGTCT ACAACCTCGTTACTACTCCATCTCATCCTCGCCAAGAT TGGCGCCAAGTAGAGTTCATGTTACATCCGCA CTAGTATATGGTCCAACTCCTACTGGTAGAATCCACAA GGGTGTGTGTTCTACGTGGATGAAGAATGCAG TTCCTGCGGAGAAAAGTCATGAATGTAGTGGAGCCCC AATCTTTATTCGAGCATCTAATTTCAAGTTACC ATCCAACCCTTCAACTCCAATCGTTATGGTGGGACCT GGGACTGGGCTGGCACCTTTTAGAGGTTTTCTG CAGGAAAGGATGGCACTAAAAGAAGATGGAGAAGAAC TAGGTTCATCTTTGCTCTTCTTTGGGTGTAGAA ATCGACAGATGGACTTTATATACGAGGATGAGCTCAA TAATTTTGTTGATCAAGGCGTAATATCTGAGCT CATCATGGCATTCTCCCGTGAAGGAGCTCAGAAGGAG TATGTTCAACATAAGATGATGGAGAAGGCAGCA CAAGTTTGGGATCTAATAAAGGAAGAAGGATATCTCTA TGTATGCGGTGATGCTAAGGGCATGGCGAGGG ACGTCCACCGAACTCTACACACCATTGTTCAGGAGCA GGAAGGTGTGAGTTCGTCAGAGGCAGAGGCTAT AGTTAAGAAACTTCAAACCGAAGGAAGATACCTCAGA GATGTCTGGTGA

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1. A transgenic organism engineered to accumulate an indole-derived compound, the organism transformed with an artificial DNA construct comprising, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription: (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence; wherein the organism produces increased levels of indole-derived compounds, or precursors thereof, compared to an organism without the artificial DNA construct.
 2. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the artificial DNA construct further comprises a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity; (d) SEQ ID NO: 56 (AtR2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR2 activity or P450 reductase activity; and (e) SEQ ID NO: 62 (AtR1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR1 activity or P450 reductase activity.
 3. A method for producing a transgenic organism comprising: transforming an organism with an artificial DNA construct, the artificial construct comprising, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription, (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence; wherein the organism produces increased levels of indole-derived compounds, or precursors thereof, compared to an organism without the artificial DNA construct.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the artificial DNA construct further comprises a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity; (d) SEQ ID NO: 56 (AtR2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR2 activity or P450 reductase activity; and (e) SEQ ID NO: 62 (AtR1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR1 activity or P450 reductase activity.
 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising a growth medium comprising amino levulinic acid (ALA).
 6. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the organism comprises a bacteria or plant.
 7. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the organism comprises E. coli or Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
 8. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the organism comprises Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae); Indigofera suffruticosa (Fabaceae); Indigofera micheliana; Indigofera arrecta; Inidgofera coerulea; Baptisia leucantha (Fabaceae); Isatis tinctoria (Brassicacea); Polygonum tinctorium (Polygonaceae) aka Persicaria tinctoria; Calanthe discolor (Orchidaceae); Strobilanthes cusia (Acanthaceae) aka Baphicacanthus cusia; Justicia spicegera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia mohintli; Justicia colorifera (Acanthaceae) aka Jacobinia tinctoria; Couroupita guaianensis (Lecythidaceae); Wrightia tinctoria (Apocyanceae); Marsdenia tinctoria (Apocynaceae); Lonchocarpus cyanescence (Fabaceae) syn Philenoptera cyanescens; Isatis indigotica (Brassicaceae); Isatis candoleana; Isatis buschiana; Isatis tinctoria subsp. Corymbosa; Koaophyllon tinctorium (Compositae, Eupatorieae) syn Eupatorium indigofera; Cybistax antisyphilitica (Bignoniacea) aka Yangua tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria; Arabidopsis thaliana; Indigofera tinctoria; Polygonum tinctorium; Baphicacanthus cusia; rose; onion; carnation; or cotton.
 9. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the artificial DNA construct further comprises beta-glucosidase or P450 reductase.
 10. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein the transgenic organism, or a portion thereof, comprises a colored phenotype.
 11. The transgenic organism of claim 10, wherein the colored phenotype comprises a visible color selected from the group consisting of magenta, violet, blue, pink, green, yellow, red, yellow, orange, or purple.
 12. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein accumulation of an indole derived compound imparts a visible color to the transgenic organism or a portion of the transgenic organism.
 13. The transgenic organism of claim 1, wherein accumulation of an indole derived compound imparts a magenta, violet, blue, pink, green, yellow, red, yellow, orange, or purple color to the transgenic organism or a portion of the transgenic organism.
 14. A method for increasing indole-derived compound production in an organism not comprising P450 reductase comprising: isolating the RNA from an indigo producing plant; obtaining the sequences of the genes by RNA sequencing and assembly; identifying P450 genes based on comparison to sequences similar to known P450 genes; cloning the coding regions of P450 genes into an expression vector; transforming the vector containing the P450 gene and the P450 reductase into the organism; and inducing the expression of the P450 gene and P450 reductase.
 15. An artificial DNA construct comprising: (i) a promoter that functions in the organism; (ii) a first transcribable nucleic acid sequence or a second transcribable nucleic acid sequence, (a) the first transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a tryptophan synthase alpha subunit (TSA) selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1 (TSA1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (2) SEQ ID NO: 2 (TSA2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (I3GP) into indole and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); and (b) the second transcribable nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytochrome P450 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (1) SEQ ID NO 3 (ItB4), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 2-hydroxyindole from indole; or (2) SEQ ID NO: 4 (ItB24), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxyindole from indole; and (iii) a transcriptional termination sequence.
 16. The artificial DNA construct of claim 14, further comprises a transcribable nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 61 (indole hydroxylase), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having indole hydroxylase activity; (b) SEQ ID NO: 59 (isatin hydrolase, IsH), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having IsH activity; (c) SEQ ID NO: 60 (PtBG), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having PtBG activity; (d) SEQ ID NO: 56 (AtR2), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR2 activity or P450 reductase activity; and (e) SEQ ID NO: 62 (AtR1), or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical thereto and encoding a polypeptide having AtR1 activity or P450 reductase activity.
 17. The artificial DNA construct of claim 15 further comprising beta-glucosidase or P450 reductase. 